Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Protection Settings
Protection Settings
Contents
Introduction Functions of Equipment Protection Functions of Protective Relays Required Information for Protective Setting Protection Settings Process Functional Elements of Protective Relays Operating Characteristics of Protective Relays Overcurrent and Directional Protection Elements Distance Protection Function
The protection functions are considered adequate when the protection relays perform correctly in terms of: Dependability: The probability of not having a failure to operate under given conditions for a given time interval. Security: The probability of not having an unwanted operation under given conditions for a given time interval. Speed of Operation: The clearance of faults in the shortest time is a fundamental requirement (transmission system), but this must be seen in conjunction with the associated cost implications and
Selectivity (Discrimination): The ability to detect a fault within a specified zone of a network and to trip the appropriate CB(s) to clear this fault with a minimum disturbance to the rest of that network. Single failure criterion: A protection design criterion whereby a protection system must not fail to operate even after one component fails to operate. With respect to the protection relay, the single failure criterion caters primarily for a failed or defective relay, and not a failure to operate as a result of a 9 performance deficiency inherent within the design of the relay.
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Transformer Parameters:
The
manufacturer's positive and zero sequence impedance test values have to be obtained. The transformer nameplate normally provides the manufacturer's positive sequence impedance values only.
rating of terminal equipment (CB, CT, line trap, links) of the circuit may limit its transfer capability therefore the rating of each device has to be known. Data can be obtained from the single line diagrams.
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Protection systems are adversely affected by CT saturation. It is the responsibility of protection engineers to establish for which forms of protection and under what conditions the CT should not saturate. MV, HV and LV CTs must be matched as far as possible taking into consideration the transformer vector group, tap changer influence and the connection of CTs.
CTs for Transformer Restricted Earth Fault (REF) Protection: All CT ratios must be the same (as with the bus zone protection), except if the relay can internally correct unmatched ratios.
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The Protection Settings team obtains all the information necessary for correct setting calculations. The settings are then calculated according to the latest philosophy, using sound engineering principles. Pre-written programs may be used as a guide. After calculation of the settings, it is important that another competent person checks them. The persons who calculate and who check the settings both sign the formal settings document. The flowchart in Fig. 2 indicates information flow during protection setting preparation for commissioning of new Transmission plant.
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Interface with the Expansion Planing team and IED manufacturers to obtain relevant equipment parameters for correct system modelling Centralised Settings Management System sends the action documents to the field staff
Implementation date and responsible field person stored in the central database -> implementation action Implementation sheet completed by field staff and returned to Protection Settings team
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To achieve maximum flexibility, relays is designed using the concept of functional elements which include protection elements, control elements, input and output contacts etc. The protection elements are arranged to detect the system condition, make a decision if the observed variables are over/under the acceptable limit, and take proper action if acceptable limits are crossed. Protection element measures system quantities such as voltages and currents, and compares these quantities or their combination against a threshold setting (pickup values). If this comparison indicates that the thresholds are crossed, a decision element is triggered. This may involve a timing element, to determine if the 17 condition is permanent or temporary. If all checks are satisfied, the relay (action element) operates.
Fault
Fault cleared
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Protective relays respond and operate according to defined operating characteristic and applied settings. Each type of protective relay has distinctive operating characteristic to achieve implementation objective: sensitivity, selectivity, reliability and adequate speed of operation. Basic operating characteristics of protective elements is as follows: Overcurrent protection function: the overcurrent element operates or picks up when its input current exceeds a predetermined value. Directional function: an element picks up for faults in one direction, and remains stable for faults in the other 19 direction.
An overcurrent condition occurs when the maximum continuous load current permissible for a particular piece of equipment is exceeded. A phase overcurrent protection element continuously monitors the phase current being conducted in the system and issue a trip command to a CB when the measured current exceeds a predefined setting. The biggest area of concern for over-current protection is how to achieve selectivity. Some possible solutions have been developed, including monitoring current levels (current grading), introducing time delays (time grading) or combining the two as well as including a directional element to detect the direction of current flow.
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CURRENT GRADING
Current grading will achieve selectivity by determine the location of a fault using purely magnitude of current. It is difficult to implement this in practice unless feeder sections have sufficient differences in impedance to cause noticeable variations in fault current. In a network where there are several sections of line connected in series, without significant impedances at their junctions there will be little difference in currents, so discrimination or selectivity cannot be achieved using current grading.
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TIME DELAYS
An alternate means of grading is introducing time delays between subsequent relays. Time delays are set so that the appropriate relay has sufficient time to open its breaker and clear the fault on its section of line before the relay associated with the adjacent section acts. Hence, the relay at the remote end is set up to have the shortest time delay and each successive relay back toward the source has an increasingly longer time delay. This eliminates some of the problems with current grading and achieves a system where the minimum amount of equipment is isolated during a fault. However, there is one main problem which arises due to the fact that timing is based solely on position, not fault current level. 23 So, faults nearer to the source, which carry the highest current, will take longer to clear, which is very
DIRECTIONAL ELEMENTS
Selectivity can be achieved by using directional elements in conjunction with instantaneous or definite-time overcurrent elements. Directional overcurrent protection schemes respond to faults in only one direction which allows the relay to be set in coordination with other relays downstream from the relay location. This is explained using example in Fig. 4.
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DIRECTIONAL ELEMENTS
By providing directional elements at the remote ends of this system, which would only operate for fault currents flowing in one direction we can maintain redundancy during a fault. This is in line with one of the main outcomes of ensuring selectivity, which is to minimize amount of circuitry that is isolated in order to clear a fault.
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In AC systems, it is difficult to determine the direction of current flow and the only way to achieve this is to perform measurements with reference to another alternating quantity, namely voltage. The main principle of how directional elements operate is based on the following equations for torque:
TA = VBC I A cos(VBC I A ) TB = VCA I B cos(VCA I B ) TC = V AB I C cos(V AB I C )
If current is in the forward direction, then the sign of the torque equation will be positive and as soon as the direction of current flow reverses, the sign of the torque equation becomes negative. These calculations are constantly being performed internally inside directional element.
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In Fig. 5 the impedance measured at the relay point Z A is = ( R + j L) x , where x is the distance to the fault (short circuit), and R and L are transmission line parameters in per unit length. The line length is l 28 in the fig..
in
B
80%
Zone 2 Line P
ZR S
Region of operation Zone 1 Load region
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Typically hs is set to protect 80% of the line between two buses and this forms protection Zone 1. Errors in the VTs and CTs, modeled transmission line data, and fault study data do not permit setting Zone 1 for 100% of the transmission line. If we set Zone 1 for 100% of the transmission line, unwanted tripping could occur for faults just beyond the remote end of the line.
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