Analog to Digital Conversion

Pulse Code Modulation

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
● It is a method used to convert analog signals to digital signals
● is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals. It
is the standard form of digital audio in computers, compact discs,
digital telephony and other digital audio applications
● Modulation is the process of varying one or more parameters of a
carrier signal in accordance with the instantaneous values of the
message signal.
● Consists of three steps. Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding
Sampling
● Selects data points we used to create the digital data
● It is a process of finding a sufficient number of samples so that original signal
can be represented by those samples completely and it should be possible to
reconstruct the original signal
Sampling
Sampling
Sampling
Quantizing
● Choose the amplitude values used to encode
● The digitization of analog signals involves the rounding off of the
values which are approximately equal to the analog values. The
method of sampling chooses a few points on the analog signal and
then these points are joined to round off the value to a near
stabilized value
Quantizing
Quantizing
Quantizing
Encoding
● Assign binary numbers to those amplitude values
● Digital representation of an Analog signal
● Signal is Sampled at uniform intervals and then Quantized into a
series of symbols in digital code
Encoding
Summary
Digital to Digital Conversion
Signal Encoding
 DIGITAL SIGNAL

● 1 = ‘ON’ or ‘HIGH’
or ‘TRUE’
● 0 = ‘OFF’ or ‘LOW’
or ‘FALSE’
 DIGITAL SIGNAL

● A digital signal is a signal that represents data as a sequence of

discrete values. A digital signal can only take on one value from a
finite set of possible values at a given time.
● With digital signals, the physical quantity representing the
information can be many things:
○ Variable electric current or voltage
○ Phase or polarization of an electromagnetic field
○ Acoustic pressure
○ The magnetization of a magnetic storage media
 DIGITAL SIGNAL

Digital signals are used in all digital electronics, including computing

equipment and data transmission devices. When plotted on a voltage
vs. time graph, digital signals are one of two values and are usually
between 0V and VCC (usually 1.8V, 3.3V, or 5V)
DIGITAL SIGNAL
 Various Conversion Technique

DATA SIGNAL APPROACH

Digital Digital Encoding
Analog Digital Encoding
Analog Analog Modulation
Digital Analog Modulation
 Various Conversion Technique

● Signal selection depends on the situation and availability of bandwidth

● Digital to Digital Signal Conversion

LINE CODE Digital Signal

1010101011100...
SCHEME Pulse
 LINE CODING SCHEMES

● Data, as well as signals that represent data, can either be digital

or analog
● Line coding is the process of converting digital data to digital
signals
● By this technique, we convert a sequence of bits to a digital signal
● At the sender side, digital data are encoded into a digital signal,
and at the receiver side, the digital data are recreated by decoding
the digital signal.
Clock

0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

Data
 LINE CODING SCHEMES
● Spectrum Shaping and Relocation without modulation or filtering. It is essential in
telephone line applications, for example, where the transfer characteristic has heavy
attenuation below 300 Hz
● Bit clock recovery can be simplified.
● DC component can be eliminated; this allows AC (capacitor or transformer) coupling
between stages (as in telephone lines). Can control baseline wander (baseline wander
shifts the signal waveform position relative to the detector threshold and leads to
severe erosion of noise margin)?
● Error detection capabilities
● Bandwidth usage; the possibility of transmitting at a higher rate than other schemes
over the same bandwidth
 TYPES OF LINE CODING SCHEMES

● Unipolar (eg. NRZ scheme).

● Polar (eg. NRZ-L, NRZ-I, RZ, and Biphase – Manchester and
differential Manchester).
● Bipolar (eg. AMI and Pseudoternary).
● Multilevel
● Multitransition
 UNIPOLAR

● NRZ Scheme - Non-Return to Zero

● all the signal levels are either above or below the axis
● It is a unipolar line coding scheme in which positive voltage
defines bit 1 and the zero voltage defines bit 0
● The signal does not return to zero in the middle of the bit
 UNIPOLAR

● For example: Data = 10110

Example: UNIPOLAR
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
Example 2: UNIPOLAR
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Example 2: UNIPOLAR (ANSWER)
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Example 3: UNIPOLAR
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Example 2: UNIPOLAR (ANSWER)
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
 POLAR

● the voltages are on both sides of the axis

● NRZ-L and NRZ-I – These are somewhat similar to the unipolar
NRZ scheme, but here we use two levels of amplitude (voltages)
● For NRZ-L(NRZ-Level), the level of the voltage determines the
value of the bit; typically, binary one maps to logic-level low and
binary 0 maps to logic-level high
● NRZ-I(NRZ-Invert), the two-level signal has a transition at a
boundary if the next bit we will transmit is a logical one and does
not change if the next bit is going to send is a logical 0.
 POLAR

NRZ-L

NRZ-I
 Example: NRZ-L
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

NOTES:
0: Positive
1: Negative
 Example 2: NRZ-L
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

NOTES:
0: Positive
1: Negative
 Example 3: NRZ-L
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

NOTES:
0: Positive
1: Negative
 POLAR

NRZ-L

NRZ-I
 Example: NRZ-I
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

NOTES:
0: No Transition
1: Transition
 Example 2: NRZ-I
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

NOTES:
0: No Transition
1: Transition
 Example 3: NRZ-I
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

NOTES:
0: No Transition
1: Transition
 POLAR

● Return to zero (RZ) – One solution to the NRZ problem is the RZ

scheme, which uses three positive, negative, and zero values. In
this scheme, the signal goes to 0 in the middle of each bit
 POLAR

RZ
 Example: Polar
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

NOTES:
0:

1:
 Example 2: Polar
1 0 1 1 0 0 1

NOTES:
0:

1:
 Example 3:
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1

NOTES:
0:

1:
 POLAR
● Biphase (Manchester and Differential Manchester )
● Manchester - encoding is somewhat a combination of the RZ (transition at
the middle of the bit) and NRZ-L schemes. The duration of the bit is divide into
two halves. The voltage remains at one level during the first half and moves to
the other level in the second half. The transition at the middle of the bit
provides synchronization.
● Differential Manchester - is somewhat a combination of the RZ and NRZ-I
schemes. There is always a transition at the middle of the bit, but the bit
values are determined at the beginning of the bit. If the next bit is 0, there is a
transition; if the next bit is 1, there is no transition.
 POLAR

0 1 0 0 1 1
 Example: Manchester
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

NOTES:
0:

1:

NOTES:
0: Positive to
negative transition
1: Negative to
positive transition
 Example 2: Manchester
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

NOTES:
0:

1:

NOTES:
0: Positive to
negative transition
1: Negative to
positive transition
 Example 3: Manchester
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

NOTES:
0:

1:

NOTES:
0: Positive to
negative transition
1: Negative to
positive transition
 POLAR

0 1 0 0 1 1
 Example: Differential Manchester
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

NOTES:
0:

1:
 Example: Differential Manchester
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

NOTES:
0:

1:
 Example: Differential Manchester
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

NOTES:
0:

1:
 BIPOLAR

● In this scheme there are three voltage levels positive, negative,

and zero
● The voltage level for one data element is at zero, while the voltage
level for the other element alternates between positive and
negative.
 BIPOLAR

● Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) – A neutral zero voltage

represents binary 0. Binary 1’s are represented by alternating
positive and negative voltages.
● Pseudoternary – Bit 1 is encoded as a zero voltage and the bit 0
is encoded as alternating positive and negative voltages i.e.,
opposite of AMI scheme. Example: Data = 010010.
 BIPOLAR

0 1 0 0 1 0
 Example: AMI
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

NOTES:
0: Zero voltage
1: Alternating
positive and
negative
 Example 2: AMI
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

NOTES:
0: Zero voltage
1: Alternating
positive and
negative
 Example 3: AMI
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

NOTES:
0: Zero voltage
1: Alternating
positive and
negative
 Example: Pseudoternary
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

NOTES:
0: Alternating
positive and
negative
1: Zero voltage
 Example 2: Pseudoternary
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

NOTES:
0: Alternating
positive and
negative
1: Zero voltage
 Example 3: Pseudoternary
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

NOTES:
0: Alternating
positive and
negative
1: Zero voltage
END OF SLIDE