Fourier’s Theorem

Beats????
Fourier Series – Periodic Functions
A0 
f t      A n cos  nt   Bn sin  nt  or,
2 n 1
1
f  t   A 0  A1 cos  t   A 2 cos  2t     A n cos  nt   ....
2
 B1 sin  t   B2 sin 2  t     Bn sin  nt   ....

for a function f  t  where:

2
 the coefficients are calculated by:
T
T
2
A n   f  t  cos  nt  dt for n  0, 1, 2, 3, ....
T0
T
2
Bn   f  t  sin  nt  dt for n  1, 2, 3, ....
T0
 Why this works!
• Fourier’s Hammer – say you wanted to find A2
• Multiple each term by cos(2t) and time average.
1
f t   A 0  A1 cos  t   A 2 cos  2t     A n cos  nt   ....
2
 B1 sin  t   B2 sin 2  t     B n sin  nt   ....

1
f  t  cos  2t   A 0 cos  2t   A1 cos  t  cos  2t   A 2 cos 2  2t     A n cos  nt  cos  2t   ....
2
 B1 sin  t  cos  2t   B2 sin 2  t  cos  2t     B n sin  nt  cos  2t   ....

T T T T T
1 1 A A A
 f  t  cos  2t  dt  A 0  cos  2t  dt  1  cos  t  cos  2t  dt  2  cos 2  2t dt    n  cos  nt  cos  2t  dt  ....
T0 2T 0 T 0 T 0 T 0
T T T
B B B
 1  sin  t  cos  2t  dt  2  sin 2  t  cos  2t  dt    n  sin  nt  cos  2t dt  ....
T 0 T 0 T 0

T T
1 A2 1
 f  t  cos  2 t  dt   cos 2
 2 t dt  A2
T0 T 0 2
 Example
 0 when 0  t  
f t   
1 when   t  2

f(t)

1
t

-2
 2

2 rad
Note: T  2 sec    1
T sec
 Coefficients
2 2 
1 1 1
A n   f  t  cos  nt  dt   1cos  nt  dt   0  cos  nt  dt
0  0
2
1 1
A n   cos  nt  dt  sin  nx 
2

 n
1
An  sin  n  2   sin  n     0
n 

2 2 
1 1 1
Bn   f  t  sin  nt  dt   1sin  nt  dt   0  sin  nt  dt
0  0
2
1 1
Bn   sin  nt  dt   cos  nx 
2

 n
1
Bn   cos  n  2   cos  n   
n 
1
Bn   1  cos  n  for n  odd numbers otherwise b n  0
n
2
Bn   for n  odd numbers
n
 Example
Time Domain Frequency Domain

Fourier Transform of a Square Wave

1
0.8

Amplitude
f(t)
0.6
0.4
1 0.2
t 0
-2 0 7 15 23 31 39
 2
Frequency (rad/s)

 0 when 0  t   1 2  sin1t  sin3t  sin5t  

f t    f t        ...
1 when   t  2 2  1 3 5 
 Demos
• Mathematica
• Logger Pro

1.5

0.5

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6

-0.5

-1
Odd and Even Functions
Even Function : f - t   f t 
Odd Function : f - t   f t 

Even Odd
Odd and Even Functions
Even Function : f - t   f t 
Odd Function : f - t   f t 

Even Odd

 2T
 a n   f t cosnt dt for n  0 ,1, 2, 3, ....
 T0
If f t  is even then 
 bn  0



a 0
If f x  is odd then  n T
 b  b  2 f t  sinnt dt for n  1, 2, 3, ....
 n T 0
n
Fourier Transforms

f t      dw
g w e jwt


Spectral Density

1
g w    f   dt
t e  jwt

2 
Dirac Delta Function

 t   0 t  0


   t  dt  1


 
 0 t 
2
 t   
1 
t 
  2
Spectral Density of a Delta Function


1
g w    f   dt
t e  jwt

2 

 /2
1 1 1 1
g w      t e dt 
 jwt
 1 dt 
2  2  / 2  2
What if Spectral Density is a Delta Function

g  w     w  

 
f t    g  w e jwt
dw     w   e jwt
dw  e jt

 
 Heavyside Step Function
t
0 t  0
1 t      t  dt  
 1 t  0

 
1 1
g w    f  t e  jwt
dt   1  t e  jwt
dt
2  2 



1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0  1 
2 0
 jwt  jwt
 e dt  e 
2   jw  0
2   jw  2 jw
Table of Fourier Transforms (1.15.1)
 So What????

F  t      w e jwt dw
G


f  w, t   G
  w  e jwt

f  w, t  G w 
u  w, t    e jwt
Z w  Z  w 
 
G w 
  t   u  w, t dw 
  Z  w  dw
jwt
U e
 Example 1.15.6

• A simple oscillator at rest is struck with a

force F(t) = (F) 1(t) where F = 1 N. Find
the displacement and speed of the oscillator
using section 1.15.