CHAPTER – SOUND

CLASS - VIII
 CONTENT:-

1. INTRODUCTION. 2 •WHAT PRODUCES

SOUND ?
3. SOUND PRODUCED BY HUMANS. 4 • PROPAGATION OF SOUND
5. HUMAN EAR. 6 • AMPLITUDE
7. TIME – PERIOD. 8 • FREQUENCY
9. AUDIBLE AND INAUDIBLE SOUND. 10 • NOISE AND MUSIC
11. NOISE POLLUTION
 SOUND

Sound is a form of Sound play an

energy Produced by important role in our
vibrations. life.

It helps us to We hear a wide

communicate with variety of sounds in
each other. our surroundings.
 WHAT PRODUCES SOUND ?

SOUND IS PRODUCED BY A
VIBRATING BODY.

VIBRATION :- VIBRATION IS THE TO

AND FRO OR BACK AND FORTH MOTION
OF AN OBJECT.
EXAMPLE:- •IF YOU STRIKE A SCHOOL
BELL, IT VIBRATES AND PRODUCES
SOUND.
•IF YOU PLUCK A STRETCHED RUBBER
BAND, IT VIBRATES AND PRODUCES
SOUND.
MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS
• SOME MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS PRODUCE
SOUND WHEN THEY ARE
BEATEN OR STRUCK.
• EXAMPLE:- BELL ,
GHATAM , MANJIRA ,
JALTARANG ETC.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR VIBRATING PARTS
MUSICAL VIBRATING PARTS
INSTRUMENTS PRODUCING SOUND
VEENA STRETCHED
STRING
TABLA STRETCHED
MEMBRANE
FLUTE AIR COLUMN

SITAR STRETCHED
STRING
DRUM STRETCHED
MEMBRANE
GUITAR STRETCHED STRING
 SOUND PRODUCED BY
HUMANS
• IN HUMANS SOUND IS PRODUCED BY THE
VOICE BOX OR LARYNX.
• IT IS THE UPPER PART OF THE WIND PIPE.
• TWO VOCAL CORDS , ARE STRETCHED
ACROSS THE LARYNX LIVING A NARROW
SLIT. WHEN THE LUNGS FORCE AIR
THROUGH THE SLIT , IT VIBRATES AND
PRODUCE SOUND.
PROPAGATION
OF SOUND
• SOUND REQUIRES A MEDIUM TO
PROPAGATE.

• SOUND TRAVELS THROUGH

SOLIDS , LIQUIDS AND GASES.

• SOUND DOES NOT TRAVEL IN

VACUUM.

EXAMPLE:-

• SOUND TRAVELS THROUGH THE

SOLID THREAD OF A PAPER CUP
TELEPHONE.

• A WHALE LISTEN TO THE

REFLECTED SOUND IN WATER TO
LOCATE IT’S PREY.

• WE ARE ABLE TO LISTEN SOUND

BECAUSE SOUND TRAVEL IN AIR.
HUMAN EARS

• HOW DO WE HEAR SOUND

THROUGH OUR EARS ?
• SOUND ENTERS THE EAR
THROUGH THE EAR CANAL.
IT MAKES THE EAR
DRUM TO VIBRATE. THE
EAR DRUM SENDS THE
VIBRATIONS TO THE INNER
EAR. FROM THERE THE
SIGNAL GOES TO THE
BRAIN , SO WE HEAR THE
SOUND.
 STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN EAR
THE OUTER EAR IS CALLED PINNA WHICH COLLECTS THE SOUND WAVES. THESE SOUND WAVES
PASSES THROUGH THE EAR CANAL TO A THIN MEMBRANE CALLED EAR DRUM WHICH START TO
VIBRATES.

THE VIBRATIONS ARE AMPLIFIED BY THE THREE BONES IN THR MIDDLE EAR CALLED MALLEUS ,
INCUS AND STAPS.

FROM THE MIDDLE EAR SOUND WAVE

TRANSMITES TO INNER EAR , WHERE

THE SOUND WAVES ARE CONVERTED

INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNAL BY THE

COCHLEA AND SEND TO THE BRAIN

THROUGH AUDITORY NERVES.

BRAIN THEN INTERPRETS THE SIGNAL AS SOUND.

 PROPERTIES OF THE SOUND WAVES

• AMPLITUDE • • TIME -
FREQUENCY PERIOD
 AMPLITUDE OF
SOUND WAVE
• THE MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT OF AN
OSCILLATING BODY FROM ITS MEAN
POSITION IS CALLED IT’S AMPLITUDE ( BA
OR BC )
OR
• THE AMPLITUDE OF THE SOUND WAVE IS
THE HEIGHT OF THE CREST AND TROUGH.
• IT IS REPRESENTED BY THE LETTER “A” .
• S.I. UNIT OF AMPLITUDE IS METRE .
 FREQUENCY OF SOUND WAVE

• THE NUMBER OF
OSCILLATIONS PER SECOND IS
CALLED FREQUENCY.
• IT IS REPRESENTED BY THE
SYMBOL √ .
• THE UNIT OF FREQUENCY IS
HERTZ (HZ) .
 TIME PERIOD OF SOUND WAVE

• THE TIME TAKEN FOR ONE OSCILLATION IS

CALLED TIME PERIOD .
• IT IS REPRESENTED BY THE LETTER T .
• THE S.I. UNIT OF TIME PERIOD IS SECOND.
• FREQUENCY AND TIME- PERIOD ARE
REPRESENTED AS FOLLOWS :-
. T = 1/ √
√ FOR ONE OSCILLATION :-
√ = 1/ T
 LOUDNESS AND PITCH
OF SOUND
1. THE LOUDNESS OF SOUND DEPENDS UPON THE AMPLITUDE OF VIBRATION.

• IF THE AMPLITUDE IF LESS THE SOUND IS FEEBLE .

• IF THE AMPLITUDE IS MORE THE SOUND IS LOUD.

• THE UNIT OF LOUDNESS IS CALLED DECIBLE .

2. THE PITCH OF SOUND DEPENDS UPON THE FREQUENCY OF VIBRATIONS.

• IF THE FREQUENCY IS LESS THE SOUND HAS LOW PITCH.

EXAMPLE:- SOUND OF A DRUM , SOUND OF AN ADULT ETC .

• IF THE FREQUENCY IS MORE THE SOUND HAS HIGH PITCH.

EXAMPLE:- SOUND OF A WOMAN , SOUND OF A WHISTLE ETC .

AUDIBLE AND INAUDIBLE
SOUND
1. AUDIBLE SOUND IS THE SOUND WHICH WE CAN HEAR.

• IT HAS FREQUENCY BETWEEN 20 HZ TO 20,000 HZ .

2. INAUDIBLE SOUND IS THE SOUND WHICH WE CAN NOT HEAR.

IT HAS FREQUENCY LESS THAN 20 HZ AND MORE THAN 20,000 HZ.

• SOUND WAVES WHOSE FREQUENCY ARE MORE THAN 20,000 HZ IS CALLED

ULTRASONIC SOUND.

ANIMALS LIKE DOLPHIN , BATS , DOGS ETC CAN HEAR ULTRASONIC SOUND.

• SOUND WAVES WHOSE FREQUENCY ARE LESS THAN 20 HZ IS CALLED

INFRASONIC SOUND.

ANIMALS LIKE ELEPHANTS , WHALE ETC CAN HEAR INFRASONIC SOUND.

 NOISE AND MUSIC

1. NOISE :- UNPLEASANT SOUNDS ARE CALLED NOISE.

• IT IS PRODUCED BY IRREGULAR OR NON- PERIODIC VIBRATIONS.

EXAMPLE:- IF ALL THE STUDENT IN A CLASSROOM SPEAK TOGETHER ,

NOISE IS PRODUCED .

• SOUND PRODUCED BY HORNS OF BUSES AND TRUCKS .

2. MUSICAL SOUND:- SOUND WHICH IS PLEASANT TO EAR IS CALLED

MUSICAL SOUND.

• IT IS PRODUCED BY REGULAR OR PERIODIC VIBRATIONS.

EXAMPLE:- SOUND PRODUCED BY MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.

• SOUND OF A PERSON SINGING A SONG.

 NOISE POLLUTION

THE PRESENCE OF EXCESSIVE OR UNWANTED SOUND IN THE

ENVIRONMENT IS CALLED NOISE POLLUTION.

1. CAUSE OF NOISE POLLUTION:- NOISE POLLUTION IS

CAUSED BY SOUNDS OF VEHICLES , EXPLOSIONS , SOUND
OF VARIOUS MACHINES , LOUDSPEAKERS ETC .

• IN HOME NOISE POLLUTION IS CAUSED BY TELEVISION , RADIO

AND MUSIC SYSTEM AT HIGH VOLUME , SOME KITCHEN
APPLIANCES , DESERT COOLER , AIR CONDITIONER ETC.
 HARMFUL EFFECTS OF
NOISE POLLUTION

NOISE POLLUTION CAUSES SEVERAL

HEALTH PROBLEMS LIKE LACK OF SLEEP ,
HYPERTENSION , HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ,
ANXIETY ETC.

• A PERSON EXPOSED TO LOUD SOUND

CONTINUOUSLY MAY GET TEMPORARY OR
PERMANENT IMPAIRMENT OF HEARING.
 MEASURES TO LIMIT
NOISE POLLUTION
• NOISE POLLUTION CAN BE REDUCED BY USING SILENCER IN
VEHICLES , INDUSTRIAL MACHINES AND HOME APPLIANCES .

• REDUCING USE OF VEHICLE HORNS

• RUNNING TV , RADIO AND MUSIC SYSTEM AT LOW VOLUME

• PLANTING MORE TREES ALONG ROAD AND BUILDING SIDES.

THANK YOU