Learning Objective

4.1 Analysing The Periodic Table of Element

Learning Outcomes
A student is able to : Describe the contribution of scientists in the historical development of the Periodic Table

Identify group and the period in the Periodic Table State the basic principle of arranging the elements in the Periodic Table from their proton number Relate the electron arrangement of an element to its group and period Explain the advantages of grouping element in the Periodic Table Predict the group and the period of an element based on its electron arrangement

Historical development of the Periodic Table

Scientist Antoine Lavoisier Contribution The first scientist classified substances, including light and heat, into metal and nonmetal.

Johan Dobereiner

In 1829, he divided the element into group of three element with similar chemical properties This classification led chemist to realise that there was a relationship between the chemical properties and the atomic mass of each element

John Newland

From 1864 to 1865, Newlands arranged the known elements in order of increasing atomic mass, known as the Law of Octaves The first chemist to show the existence of a periodic pattern for the properties element

Historical development of the Periodic Table

Scientist Lothar Meyer Contribution In 1870, Meyer plotted a graph of the atomic volume against the atomic mass for all the known elements. He was successful in showing that the properties of the element formed a periodic pattern against the atomic masses.

Dmitri Mendeleev

In 1869, Mendeleev arranged the element in order of increasing atomic mass and grouped them according to similar chemical properties.

Henry J.G Moseley

In 1914, Moseley studied the X-ray spectrum of elements. He concluded that proton number should be the basis for the periodic change of chemical properties instead of the atomic mass.

Arrangement of Element in Periodic Table

Element in Periodic Table are arranged in an increasing order of proton number Each vertical column of elements is called a group - Group 1 to group 18. Each horizontal rows of element is called a period Period 1 to Period 7

Group

For element with 1 to 2 valence electrons, The group number of an element = The number of valence electrons in its atom For element with 3 to 8 valence electrons, The group number of an element = The number of an electron in its atom + 10

Period

The period number of an element = The number of shell occupied with electron in its atom

Relationship between the electron arrangement of atom of an element and its group and period
Element
Electron arrangement of atom Number of valence electrons Group Number of shells occupied with electrons Period

Li

Ca

Al

Cl

Ne
2.8 8 18 2 2

2.1 2.8.8.2 2.8.3 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 3 13 3 3

2.4 2.8.5 2.6 2.8.7 4 14 2 2 5 15 3 3 6 16 2 2 7 17 3 3

Advantages of Grouping Elements in the Periodic Table The systematic arrangement of elements in the periodic table help us to study the element systematically, especially in their physical and chemical properties.