Chapter 4

ANSYS 結構分析的基本觀念
Basic Concepts for ANSYS Structural Analysis
 Contents
4.1 學科領域與元素類別 4.5 材料的破壞準則
Disciplines and Element Types Failure Criteria of Materials

4.2 分析類別 4.6 實例 : 動態分析

Example: Dynamic Analysis
Analysis Types
4.7 實例 : 非線性分析
4.3 線性分析與非線性分析 Example: Nonlinear Analysis
Linear Analysis and Nonlinear An
4.8 練習題 : 幾何非線性
alysis
Exercise: Geometric Nonlineari
4.4 材料模式 ty
Material Models

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 第 4.1 節

學科領域與元素類別
Disciplines and Element Types

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 4.1.1 學科領域
• 結構分析 Structural Analysis
• 熱傳分析 Thermal Analysis
• 流場分析 Fluid Dynamic Analysis
• 電場分析 Electric Field Analysis
• 磁場分析 Magnetic Field Analysis
• 耦合場分析 Coupled-field Analysis

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 4.1.2 耦合場分析
• Example 1: Thermal Stress Analysis
• Example 2: Structure-Fluid Interactions
• Example 3: Thermal Actuator

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 4.1.3 元素類別
Element Types
• ANSYS elements are classified according to
– Discipline
– Dimensionality
– Geometry
– Order
• Example
– SOLID45: 3D hexahedral linear structural element
– PLANE67: 2D quadralateral linear coupled therma
l-electric element

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第 4.2 節

分析類別
Analysis Types

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 4.2.1 分析類別
Analysis Types
• Static Analysis • Structural Analysis
– Static, Transient, Modal,
• Dynamic Analysis
Harmonic, Buckling, etc.
– Transient Analysis
– Modal Analysis
• Thermal Analysis
– Steady-state, Transient
– Harmonic Response
Analysis • Electric Field Analysis
– etc. – Static, Transient, Modal,
• Buckling Analysis Harmonic
• etc.

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4.2.2 暫態分析
Transient Analysis

  CD
MD   KD  F

• Inertia forces
• Damping forces
• Elastic forces
• External forces

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 4.2.3 靜態分析
Static Analysis

KD  F

• When dynamic effects can be neglected, a

problem can be solved statically.
• Dynamic effects can be neglected only
when the deformation velocity and
acceleration are small.
• Two cases:
– Steady-state solution
– approximation solution for a real-world problem.

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 4.2.4 模態分析
Modal Analysis

  CD
MD   KD  0

• Modal analysis is to analysis a structure

under free vibration.
• The solutions typically include
– Vibration frequencies (or periods)
– Vibration modes

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 4.2.5 諧和反應分析
Harmonic Response Analysis
• Harmonic response
analysis is to analysis
a structure under
periodic excitation of
external forces.
• The solutions typically
include maximum
responses under
various frequencies of
external forces

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 第 4.3 節

線性分析與非線性分析
Linear Analysis and Nonlinear Analysis

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 4.3.1 線性分析
Linear Analysis

• Small deformation
• Hooke’s law appies
Responses

• No status or topologi
cal changes, eg., co
ntacts
Loads

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 4.3.2 非線性分析
Nonlinear Analysis

• Geometric nonlinearity
• Material nonlinearity
• Status nonlineaity

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 第 4.4 節

材料模式
Material Models

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 4.4.1 材料模式
Material Models

• Material models are mathematically represented by

a set of equations called constitutive equations.
• The constitutive equations describe the relations
between stresses and strains (or strain rates).
• The parameters in the constitutive equations are
called material parameters.
• ANSYS provides many material models to be
chosen from.

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 4.4.2 彈性與塑性 (1/2)
Elastic vs. Plastic
(a)
Stress

Strain
Elastic materials
(b) (a) Nonlinear elastic
(b) Hysteresis elastic
Stress

(c) Linear Elastic

Strain

(c)
s
Stres

Strain 18/48
4.4.2 彈性與塑性 (2/2)
Elastic vs. Plastic

Plastic materials
Stress

Strain

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4.4.3 黏滯性與非黏滯性 (1/3)
Viscous vs. Nonviscous

Nonvisous
Stress
materials

Time
Strain

Time

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4.4.3 黏滯性與非黏滯性 (2/3)
Viscous vs. Nonviscous

Visous
materials
Stress

Time
Strain

Time
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 4.4.3 黏滯性與非黏滯性 (3/3)
Viscous vs. Nonviscous
Stress

Strain
Time Time
Strain

Stress

Time Time

Creeping Stress Relaxation

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4.4.4 均質性與非均質性材料
Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous

• A material body is said to be

homogeneous if it has uniform material
properties everywhere in the body.
• Otherwise it is said to be heterogeneous.
• Note that, homogeneousness does not
necessarily imply isotropy.

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4.4.5 等向性、非等向性、與正交性材料 (1/
2)
Isotropic, Anisotropic, and Othothropic Materials

• A material is said to be isotropic if it has

the same material properties along any
directions in the body.
• Otherwise it is said to be anisotropic.
• An anisotropic material is said to be
orthotropic, if the planes of material
symmetry are mutually orthogonal.

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4.4.5 等向性、非等向性、與正交性材料 (2/
2)
Isotropic, Anisotropic, and Othothropic Materials
Hooke’s Law for Hooke’s Law for Hooke’s Law for
Isotropic Material Anisotropic Mate Orthotropic Mate
rial rial
x y z
x    x y z
E E E x    xy   xz
y Ex Ey Ez
x z
 y     y
E E E ε  Dσ z x
y    yz   yx
x y z Ey Ez Ex  xy  yx
 z     
E E E z x y Ex Ey
 xy z    zx   zy  yz  zy
 xy  Ez Ex Ey 
G Ey Ez
 xy
 yz  xy   xz

 zx
 yz  G xy Ex Ez
G
 zx  yz
 zx   yz 
G Gyz
 zx
 zx 
Gzx 25/48
4.4.6 ANSYS 材料模式
ANSYS Material Models
材料分類 材料模式名稱

線性 線性彈性材料

非黏滯性 彈性 非線性彈性材料
非線性
材料
超彈性材料

塑性 塑性材料

線性 線性黏彈材料
彈性
黏滯性
材料 非線性 非線性黏彈材料

塑性 黏塑性材料

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 第 4.5 節

材料的破壞準則
Failure Criteria of Materis

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 4.5.1 延展性與脆性材料
Ductile vs. Brittle

Ductile Material Brittle Material

Stress
Stress

Strain Strain

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4.5.2 脆性材料的破壞準則
Failure Criteria for Brittle Materials

Maximum Principal Stress Failure Criteria:

• Fracture will occur when tensile stress is
greater than ultimate tensile strength, i.e.,

1  u

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4.5.3 延展性材料的破壞準則 (1/
2)
Failure Criteria for Ductile Materials
Tresca Failure Criteria:
• Yielding will occur when shear stress is g
reater than shear yield strength, i.e.,

1   3 y

2 2
or

1   3   y

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4.5.3 延展性材料的破壞準則 (2/
2)
Failure Criteria for Ductile Materials
von Mises Failure Criteria:
• Yielding will occur when the von Mises st
ress is greater than yield strength, i.e.,

e 
1
2
 
 1   2 2   2   3 2   3   1 2   y

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 第 4.6 節

實例 : 動態分析
Example: Dynamic Analysis

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 4.6.1 問題描述
y

P = 100 N

Q = 1 MPa

H = 10 mm x
W = 6 mm

L = 60 mm

Material
E = 200 Gpa
 = 0.3
Load

0 Time 33/48
 4.4.2 ANSYS 分析程序 (1/6)
01 FINISH 21 K, 5, L, -H/2, -B/2
02 /CLEAR 22 K, 6, L, H/2, -B/2
03 23 K, 7, L, H/2, B/2
04 L = 0.060 24 K, 8, L, -H/2, B/2
05 H = 0.010 25 V, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
06 B = 0.006 26
07 E = 200E9 27 /VIEW,, 1, 2, 3
08 NU = 0.3 28 VPLOT
09 RO = 7850 29
10 DMP = 0.0001 30 ET, 1, SOLID45
11 SIZE = 0.003 31 MP, EX, 1, E
12 Q = 1E6 32 MP, NUXY, 1, NU
13 P = 100 33 MP, DENS, 1, RO
14 34 MP, DAMP, 1, DMP
15 /PREP7 35
16 36 TYPE, 1
17 K, 1, 0, -H/2, -B/2 37 MAT, 1
18 K, 2, 0, H/2, -B/2 38 ESIZE, SIZE
19 K, 3, 0, H/2, B/2 39 VMESH, ALL
20 K, 4, 0, -H/2, B/2 40 FINISH 34/48
4.4.2 ANSYS 分析程序 (2/6)
42 /SOLU
43
44 NSEL, S, LOC, X, 0
45 D, ALL, ALL, 0
46 NSEL, S, LOC, Y, H/2
47 SF, ALL, PRES, Q
48 NSEL, ALL
49 N1 = NODE(L,-H/2,-B/2)
50 N2 = NODE(L,-H/2,B/2)
51 F, N1, FY, -P/2
52 F, N2, FY, -P/2
53
54 ANTYPE, TRANS
55 KBC, 1
56 TIME, 0.1
57 DELTIM, 0.001
58 OUTRES, BASIC, ALL
59 SOLVE
60 FINISH
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 4.4.2 ANSYS 分析程序 (3/6)
62 /POST1
63
64 SET, LIST
65 SET, LAST
66 /VIEW,, 0, 0, 1
67 PLNSOL, S, X
68 FINISH

SET TIME LOAD STEP SUBSTEP CUMULATIVE

1 0.001 1 1 1
2 0.002 1 2 2
3 0.003 1 3 3
... ... ... ... ...
100 0.100 1 100 100

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4.4.2 ANSYS 分析程序 (4/6)
62 /POST1
63
64 SET, LIST
65 SET, LAST
66 /VIEW,, 0, 0, 1
67 PLNSOL, S, X
68 FINISH

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 4.4.2 ANSYS 分析程序 (5/6)
70 /POST26
71
72 NSOL, 2, N1, U, Y, UY
73 PLVAR, 2
74 PRVAR, 2
75 FINISH

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4.4.2 ANSYS 分析程序 (6/6)
70 /POST26 TIME UY
71 0.001 -0.0001405
72 NSOL, 2, N1, U, Y, UY 0.002 -0.0001957
73 PLVAR, 2 0.003 -0.0001533
74 PRVAR, 2 0.004 -0.0001843
75 FINISH 0.005 -0.0001630
76 0.006 -0.0001763
77 /POST1 0.007 -0.0001692
78 0.008 -0.0001717
79 SET,,,,, 0.002 0.009 -0.0001724
80 PLNSOL, S, X 0.010 -0.0001697
... ...
0.100 -0.0001714

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 第 4.7 節

實例 : 非線性分析
Example: Nonlinear Analysis

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 4.7.1 問題描述
y

P = 100 N

Q = 1 MPa

H = 10 mm x
W = 6 mm

L = 60 mm

Material
E = 200 Gpa
 = 0.3

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 4.7.2 ANSYS 分析程序 (1/6)
01 FINISH 21 K, 5, L, -H/2, -B/2
02 /CLEAR 22 K, 6, L, H/2, -B/2
03 23 K, 7, L, H/2, B/2
04 L = 60 24 K, 8, L, -H/2, B/2
05 H = 10 25 V, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
06 B = 6 26
07 E = 200000 27 /VIEW,, 1, 2, 3
08 NU = 0.3 28 VPLOT
09 SY = 100 29
10 ET = 0 30 ET, 1, SOLID45
11 SIZE = 3 31 MP, EX, 1, E
12 Q = 1 32 MP, NUXY, 1, NU
13 P = 100 33 TB, BKIN, 1
14 34 TBDATA,, SY, ET
15 /PREP7 35 TBPLOT, BKIN, 1
16 36
17 K, 1, 0, -H/2, -B/2 37 TYPE, 1
18 K, 2, 0, H/2, -B/2 38 MAT, 1
19 K, 3, 0, H/2, B/2 39 ESIZE, SIZE
20 K, 4, 0, -H/2, B/2 40 VMESH, ALL
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41 FINISH
 4.7.2 ANSYS 分析程序 (2/6)

43 /SOLU 55 NSUBST, 20
44 56 OUTRES, BASIC, ALL
45 NSEL, S, LOC, X, 0 57 SOLVE
46 D, ALL, ALL, 0 58
47 NSEL, S, LOC, Y, H/2 59 NSEL, S, LOC, Y, H/2
48 SF, ALL, PRES, Q 60 SF, ALL, PRES, 0
49 NSEL, ALL 61 NSEL, ALL
50 N1 = NODE(L,-H/2,-B/2) 62 F, N1, FY, 0
51 N2 = NODE(L,-H/2,B/2) 63 F, N2, FY, 0
52 F, N1, FY, -P/2 64 SOLVE
53 F, N2, FY, -P/2 65 FINISH

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 4.7.2 ANSYS 分析程序 (3/6)
67 /POST1
68
69 SET, LIST SET TIME LOAD STEP SUBSTEP CUMULATIVE
1 0.0500 1 1 2
70 SET, 1, LAST
2 0.1000 1 2 3
71 /VIEW,, 0, 0, 1
3 0.1750 1 3 4
72 PLNSOL, S, EQV 4 0.2875 1 4 5
73 SET, 2, LAST 5 0.4563 1 5 6
74 PLNSOL, S, EQV 6 0.7094 1 6 7
75 FINISH 7 1.0000 1 7 13
8 1.0500 2 1 15
9 1.1000 2 2 16
10 1.1750 2 3 17
11 1.2875 2 4 18
12 1.4563 2 5 19
13 1.7094 2 6 20
14 2.0000 2 7 21

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4.7.2 ANSYS 分析程序 (4/6)
67 /POST1
68
69 SET, LIST
70 SET, 1, LAST
71 /VIEW,, 0, 0, 1
72 PLNSOL, S, EQV
73 SET, 2, LAST
74 PLNSOL, S, EQV
75 FINISH

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4.7.2 ANSYS 分析程序 (5/6)
67 /POST1
68
69 SET, LIST
70 SET, 1, LAST
71 /VIEW,, 0, 0, 1
72 PLNSOL, S, EQV
73 SET, 2, LAST
74 PLNSOL, S, EQV
75 FINISH

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 4.7.2 ANSYS 分析程序 (6/6)
77 /POST26
78
79 NSOL, 2, N1, U, Y, UY
80 PLVAR, 2

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 第 4.8 節

練習題 : 幾何非線性
Exercise: Geometric Nonlinearity

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