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Child Growth and Developement 2023 FARNZ
Child Growth and Developement 2023 FARNZ
Child Growth and Developement 2023 FARNZ
1. Physical-Maturational
2. Cognitive-Intellectual
3. Artistic-Creative
4. Linguistic-Communicative
5. Knowledge-Skill
6. Social-Interpersonal
7. Moral-Ethical
8. Personality-Individuality
9. Emotional-Affective
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Theorists Connected with Each of the
9 Domains of Development
1. Physical-Maturational (Gesell)
2. Cognitive-Intellectual (Piaget, Damon)
3. Social-Interpersonal (Youniss, Selman, Damon)
4. Moral-Ethical (Piaget, Kohlberg, Kagan,
Hoffman, Damon)
5. Knowledge-Skill (Vygotsky, Damon)
6. Linguistic (Chomsky)
7. Artistic-Creative (Lowenfeld, Gardner)
8. Personality-Individuality (Freud, Erikson, Dowlby,
Ainsworth)
9. Emotional-Affective (Hoffman, Kagan)
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Descriptors of These Theorists’ Models
1. Psychosexual Personality Development (Freud)
2. Psychosocial Personality Development (Erikson)
3. Developmental Tasks as Developmental Milestones (Havighurst)
4. Cognitive Development (Piaget)
5. Moral Reasoning Development (Kohlberg, Piaget, Havighurst)
6. Moral Emotion Development (Hoffman, Kagan)
7. Social-Conceptual Development (Damon, Selman, Youniss)
8. Scaffolded Knowledge and Skill Development (Vygotsky, Damon)
9. Ecological-Social Development (Bronfenbrenner)
10. Maturational-Biological Milestones (Gesell)
11. Ethological Personality-by-Attachment (Bowlby, Ainsworth)
INFANCY
CONTINUOUS
DISCONTINUOUS
Concept of Objective sense of responsibility: acts Subjective sense of responsibility: acts evaluated in
evaluated in terms of material consequences; terms of motives/intentions; acts judged immoral if
Responsibility they violate norm of reciprocity central to moral rules
evaluations based on observable factors
Affection between parent and child yields
Morality
morality of good; develops along side the No further explanation
of Good morality of justice
Feeling of obligation to follow rules emerging from cooperation
Feeling of obligation to follow rules of respected and respect among equals (reflects valuing of reciprocity);
Moral authority; raw material for future autonomous "moral sentiments and motivation" to do right reflect the
Affect moral behavior is present in sympathetic subordination of early "sympathetic tendencies" and "affective
reactions" to rules; "will" is the permanent set of constructed
tendencies and affective reactions "values" to which one one adheres
Havighurst, R. J. (1972). Developmental tasks and education. New York: David McCay .
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
16 of 25 consonant sounds
Early Language by 30 months
Development
See cat!
Telegraphic means
lacking connection
words
Grpmph!
Early Attachment
• Erikson proposes that our first major
conflict is encountered in the first year
Trust vs. Mistrust
Ecological Theories
of Human Development
l Me s
Re es s SOCIETY
oi yle
dia
s
MESOSYSTEM
Ch e St
AT LARGE
s
l P
re
o G ee
f
Li
l tu
Le tem
Sy
h ro r
Sc
cu
up
ga
s
ub
MICROSYSTEM
l
Where the
S
Cultural Norms
Educational
Government
individual lives
Agencies
Home
Peer
System
School
Traditions
Group
INDIVIDUAL
Home Church
r ch
Interrelations
Chu
W Neighborhood
Co or
pl k Workplace io
n among
n mm ac a t
Te u
e i al
e od rt s microsystems
Li Opt
ch ni o o
ng oc
h
hbor s p te
m
fe i o
no ac g
ha S
ei n
lo tio N a ys
Co ns
rc of
gy Tr S
ur
te s
I n er n
se
Commerce and
tt
Pa
Industry
Dominant Beliefs and
CULTURE
Ideologies
Sperm
Cells Umbilical
Eye
Cord
Liver
Prenatal Development
Elation Joy
Delight
Excitement
Distress
Anger Jealousy
Disgust
Fear
Months 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Emotions are rapidly differentiated from an initial capacity for excitement
(K.M.B. Bridges, 1932). Today, there is great interest in genetically determined
temperamental characteristics from which personality forms, such as sociability .
K. M. B. Bridges, (1932). Emotional development in early infancy. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 37. Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Temperament
• The biological-genetic basis for the self-expressive, arousal, and self-
regulatory components of personality. These are evident in infancy in
the forms of activity level, irritability, fearfulness, sociability, etc.
• In 1977 Thomas & Chess stated that childhood temperamental
characteristics are relatively innate and well-established by 2-3 months
of age. They identified tree types of temperament evident in infancy:
• Easy ─ high approach response; positive mood (mild to
moderate intensity); quick adaptability;
• Difficult ─ high withdrawal response; frequent negative
mood of high intensity; slow adaptability;
• Slow-to-warm-up ─ many withdrawal responses ( mild to
moderate intensity); slow adaptability.
Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York: Brunner/Mazel
Source: Ainsworth, M.D.S. (1982). Attachment: retrospect and prospect. In C.M. Parkes and J. Stevenson-Hinde, (Eds.) The Place of Attachment in
Human Behavior. (pp 3-30) New York: Basic Books. Slide arranged by Gordon Vessels 2005.
Correspondence Between Child & Adult
Attachment Styles
CHILD ATTACHMENT STYLE PARENT ATTACHMENT STYLE
SECURE/AUTONOMOUS: developmentally
SECURE: Limited distress,
appropriate interaction; recognizes
continued exploration after initial reunion
significance of attachment.
UNRESOLVED/DISORGANIZED: frightened by
DISORGANIZED/DISORIENTED: difficult to memory of past;
categorize reunion with caregiver; describes 80% trauma promotes momentary disassociation;
of maltreated children. scripts child into
past dramas
Primary source: Werner-Wilson, Ronald J. (2005). Types of attachment, a PPT slide show retrieved from
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~hd_fs.511/lecture/Types of_Attachment.ppt Slide prepared by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Ambivalent Unclassified
5%
10%
22% 63%
Avoidant Secure
In the United States, about two thirds of all children
from middle-class families are securely attached.
About one child in three is insecurely attached.
100
Percentage of infants who cried
when their mothers left
80
Day-care
60
Groups
Groups ofof infants
infants
40 who
who had
had and
and hadhad not
not
experienced
experienced day-day-
Home
20 care
care were
were left
left by
by
their
their mothers
mothers in in an
an
0 unfamiliar
unfamiliar room.
room.
0.0 3.5 5.5 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.5 15.5 17.5 19.5 21.5 23.5 25.5 29
Age in months
Gordon Vessels’ 2005 recreation of graph in a PPT show by Mahnaz Rehmatullah at http://www.uta.edu/psychology/faculty/mahnaz/classnotes/1315/Ch04_Developing%20Person.ppt#34ed. He
took it from Kagan, Jerome (1976), The role of the family during the first half decade. In V. Vaughn& T. Brazelton (Eds.), The family:Can it be saved? Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publishers.
Attachment Theory Research Findings
• Main & Cassidy (1988) ─ Kindergarten children’s self-esteem was found to be related to
secure attachment. Main, M., & Cassidy, J. (1988). Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age 6: Predictable from infant attachment
classifications and stable over a 1-month period. Developmental Psychology, 24, 415-426.
• Lamb et al., (1984) ─ They found the link between attachment style and social-emotional
adjustment was only there if family circumstances remained stable.
Lamb, M. E., Thompson, R. A., Gardner, W. P., Charnov, E. L, & Estes, D. (1984). Security of infantile attachment as assessed in the "strange situation": Its study and
biological interpretation. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 127-171.
• Frankel & Cates (1990) ─ They found that securely attached infants became better problem
solvers than insecurely attached infants.
• Crandell & Hobson (1999) ─ They compared 20 secure and 16 insecure mothers and their
kids who were all three years old; the children of secure mothers scored 19 points higher
on an IQ test; the degree of parent-child “synchrony” was also related to the children’s IQs.
Crandell, L.E. and Hobson, R.P. (1999). Individual Differences in Young Children's IQ: A Social-developmental Perspective, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and
Allied Disciplines, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 455-464(10). Publisher: Blackwell Publishing
• Park & Waters (1989) ─ They found that securely attached children coordinate their
activities with friends more harmoniously than others.
Park, K. A., & Waters, E. (1989). Security of attachment and preschool friendships. Child Development, 60, 1076-1081.
• Meins & Russell (1997) ─ They found greater social responsiveness and flexibility for
securely attached children age two and one-half years. Meins, E, & Russell, J (1997). Security and symbolic play: the
relation between security of attachment and executive capacity British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15, 1, 63-76
• Sroufe et al., (1993) ─ In this longitudinal study, the researchers found that 10-11 year old
children identified as securely attached in their first year had more positive “outcomes.”
Avoidant infants became isolated. Ambivalent infants became deviant and more difficult to
manage at home and school (e.g. hyperactive, aggressive, etc.).
Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Kreutzer, T. (1990). The fate of early experience following developmental change: Longitudinal approaches to individual adaptation in childhood.
Child Development, 61, 1363-1373. Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. (1999). One social world: The integrated development of parent-child and peer relationships.
In W. A. Collins & B. Laursen (Eds.) Relationships as developmental context: The 29th Minnesota symposium on child psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Fonagy et al., (19907) ─ They found that secure preschoolers and young school-age children
were more competent on various mental tasks.
Fonagy, P, Redfern, S, Charman, T (1997). The relationship between belief-desire reasoning and a projective measure of attachment security British Journal of Developmental
Psychology, 15, 1, 51-61.
Prepared by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Ainsworth’s Attachment Classifications
versus
Thomas & Chess’s Temperament Profiles
Percent
Temperament Percent Attachment
of One Year
Profile of Infants Classification
Olds
Slow to
Warm Up 23% Avoidant 29%
Data drawn from a similar chart created by faculty at the University of Western Ontario for undergraduate students taking course 240 B . No specific
faculty author is listed. Retrieved at http://www.ssc.uwo.ca/psychology/undergraduate/psych240b-2/lectureslides/attachment_final.ppt#79
Parenting Styles ─ Baumrind
• Authoritarian
– Child is told, “Do it because I said so!”
– A punitive and highly controlling parenting style
– Only concerned about obedience
• Authoritative
– Use firm but fair discipline with an emphasis on communication
and high expectations for moral maturity
– Are less likely to use physical punishment
– Involve children in decisions and rule-making
• Permissive
– Loose and inconsistent structure
– Children given much freedom in deciding activities, rules, and
schedules and must often make decisions they do not feel
comfortable making.
Source: Grobman, K.H. (2003). Diana Baumrind's Theory of Parenting Styles: Original Descriptions of the Styles (1967).
Retrieved from http://www.devpsy.org/teaching/parent/baumrind_styles.html. Original source: Buamrind, Diana (1967). Child
care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monograph, 75, 43-88.
Slide prepared by Gordon Vessels in 2005. His Sources: Grobman, K.H. (2003). Diana Baumrind's Theory of Parenting Styles: Original
Descriptions of the Styles (1967). Retrieved from http://www.devpsy.org/teaching/parent/baumrind_styles.html. Original source: Buamrind,
Diana (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monograph, 75, 43-88.
ANOTHER CLASSIFICATION
of PARENTING
PARENTING
STYLES STYLES
Accepting Rejecting
Nurturing Unresponsive
Responsive Emotionally Aloof
Need to form an
Middle School Complete Set Identity or consolidate
Moral emotion of Step outside situation and see
as complex; have third-party
Anxiety related to no
Early of Moral roles, identifications, and view of self, others, and
Adolescence inconsistency information relationships; know self in
Principles characteristics or will be terms of effects on others
insecure, compulsive, or between beliefs and
even deviant; tend to be actions presumably no
High School emerges sometime Understand self in terms
clannish and preoccupied information
Late no information with how they are after late childhood of personal philosophy &
Adolescence perceived by peers. or during adolescence plan for the future
(Egalitarianism) (Havighurst/Hoffman)
(Level 1)
● 1-A: They view fairness as equality. ● They internalize adult standards and
● Friendship is defined by uneven-handed
Authority is confused with the power to the voice of parent(s) as a result of love Early Elementary
reciprocity that derives from a and empathy-mediating inductions that
enforce.
subjective, unilateral, or one-way social
● 1-B: They view fairness in terms of connect actions with felt affects. Middle Childhood
perspective. Friends begin to realize that
feelings and intentions and not just merit and reciprocal obligation.
Fairness takes on value in its own right.
(Erikson) First and Second
actions keep them together. They know ● They must gain a sense of competence
others have a different perspective but Children see obedience as legitimate and will feel inferior and have Grades
can focus only on one. trade for adult favors and help. relationship problems if they fail.
(Level 2) (Equity/Benevolence) (Havighurst)
● Friendship is defined by two-way, ● 2-A: They view fairness as a right of all, ● A rational conscience replaces the
cooperative, even-handed reciprocity. and they view leaders with knowledge authoritarian conscience via peer-group Late Elementary
Fair- weather friendships may not identification, peer cooperation, and an
withstand conflicts. They can self reflect
as more legitimate.
understanding of the function of rules. Late Childhood
● 2-B: They view justice (by age 10) as
and realizethat people have an outer and
inner self. They realize that people have
context dependent and can make (Hoffman) Grades
varying viewpoints and are awareof their reasoned decisions based on claims ● Feel guilty for violating internalized Three Through Five
own mixed feelings. and conditions, but their perspective is abstract moral rules and can take the
limited to the situation. perspective of others.
(General) (Havighurst/Hoffman)
(Level 3)
● Friendship is defined by mutual and ● Self-understanding is based on social ● They begin to form a complete set of Middle School
and personality traits rather than the
exclusive trust, loyalty, and intimacy that
involves sharing inner-most feelings with abilities of childhood or the beliefs of late
moral principles that they use to judge
self and others.
Early Adolescence
a trusted few. It is built on the ability to
take a third-party view of self, others, and
adolescence.
● Will gain ability to view situations that
(Erikson) Grades
● They seek to consolidate their roles
relationships, i.e., they can step outside involve disparate claims to justice from a
and identifications into an identity. Six Through Eight
a social situation and view its complexities. wider perspective than the situation and
can apply moral principles. ● They tend to over-identify with
individuals and groups and tend to be
(Level 4) clannish and intolerant.
● They are driven by a concern for how
● Friendship is defined by autonomous they are perceived by their peers. High School
inter dependence whereby friends are ● Self understanding or self-concept is
close and intimate yet grant eachother based on beliefs, philosophies, and
● The resolution of this crisis allows for
growth in terms of moral development
Late Adolescence
the independence to establish other
close friendships. Words, glances, and
thoughts rather than personality qualities
as was the case in early adolescence.
and the capacity for sexual intimacy. Grades
● Failure can be due to unresolved
gestures can have deeper shared
meanings that are unknown to others.
earlier crises or the failure to commit to Nine Through Twelve
Developed by Gordon Vessels 1998 © an ideology and way of life.
Friendship / Self / Perspective Taking
Youniss Selman Damon
Children's self-concept and
Friends Are . . . Friendship
Friendship Stories Is . . . Perspective Taking Ability view of self