Statistics

Engr. Elisa O. Casquejo

Adamson University
Mathematics and Physics Department
 What is Statistics
 Is the branch of mathematics that involves collecting,
organizing, summarizing and presenting data and drawing a
general conclusion from the data.
Data
Are measurements or observations that are
gathered for an event under study.
• Example of data:
Population
Consist of all subjects under study.

Example of population:

1. All universities in Manila

2. All colleges in the United States
Sample
Is a representative subgroup or subset of a population.

For example:

The GPA data were gathered from a sample of 70

schools.
Sampling methods

• 1. Random Sampling
• 2. Systematic Sampling
• 3. Stratified Sampling
• 4. Cluster Sampling
Random sampling  each subject of the population must have
an equal chance of being selected.

Example—A teacher puts students' names in a hat and chooses

without looking to get a sample of students.

Systematic sampling  is taken from numbering each number

of the population and then selecting every kth member,
where k is a natural number

Example—A principal takes an alphabetized list of student

names and picks a random starting point. Every 20th student
is selected to take a survey.
Stratified Sampling  It is when a population is divided into groups where
the members of each group have similar characteristics and members
from each group are chosen at random.
Example—A student council surveys 100 students by getting random
samples of 25 freshmen, 25 sophomores, 25 juniors, and 25 seniors.

Cluster Sampling  It is when an existing group of subjects that represent

the population is used for a sample.

Example—An airline company wants to survey its customers one day, so

they randomly select 5 flights that day and survey every passenger on
those flights.
Kinds of statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics  Statistical techniques
used to describe data. (Describing a definite
situation)

2. Inferential Statistics  Statistical techniques

used to make inferences. ( Using hypothesis
testing )
Frequency Distribution
A frequency distribution is a statistical table that
summarizes a set of numerical data in a
comprehensive manner.

1. Ungrouped Frequency Distribution

2. Grouped Frequency Distribution
Frequency Distribution
The following are the steps in creating a frequency distribution.

1. It is advised to arrange the scores in an ascending order.

2. Count the number of times each item appeared in a category.
3. Create a two-column table.
4. The label of the first column will depend on the given data set.
5. Label the second column frequency. Frequency is the number of
times each item appears.
Ungrouped FD
• Twenty five volunteers for a medical research study
were given a blood test to obtain their blood types.
The data are as follows.

Construct a frequency distribution.

Ungrouped FD
Relative frequency is the percentage of items per category

f
rf=---- 100%
N

Where: f - frequency
N - population
Example:
Fifteen students were interviewed on the number of times they open their Facebook account in a week. The
following are their responses:
Student A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
Number 22 20 18 23 20 26 29 29 30 32 25 22 18 20 20
of Times

Number of times accessed Frequency (f) Relative Frequency (rf)

FB Account
Grouped Frequency Distribution
To get the Group of the data.
1. Find the range. Where R = UL – LL.
2. Construct or Determine the Desired Class Interval.
3. Get the class width using the formula;

Where:
R = Range
DCI = Desired Class Interval ( 5-20)
i = Class Width
4. Create the first lower limit. The first lower limit may be less than or equal to the
minimum score. It can also be divisible by the class width i.

5. Write the next lower limit by adding the class width i to the prior lower limit and so
on.

6. Write the first upper limit by subtracting 1 from the second lower limit. Continue the
process until the last upper limit.

7. Find the class boundaries by subtracting 0.5 from the lower limit and add 0.5 to the
upper limit.

8. Tally the scores falling within the class intervals.

9. Find the class mark Xm. Lower limit + upper limit

Xm=-----------------------
2
10. Find the relative frequency rf (%)

11. Determine the less than cumulative frequency <c.f.

the first c.f. Is the same as the first frequency. To get the next c.f., add
the f to the preceding c.f.
Grouped Frequency Distribution
The following data represents the record high
temperatures for each of the 50 provinces in degrees
Fahrenheit.
Group Frequency Distribution

DCI = 7
X f c.b. Xm rf(%) <c.f.
Group Frequency Distribution
Example:
Make a grouped frequency distribution for the scores of the 50 college students
on a self esteem inventory.
40 45 52 45 52
49 47 55 48 49
55 44 57 59 60
58 42 56 65 52
54 43 64 52 48
54 42 53 52 41
48 46 63 63 51
42 53 47 46 53
43 53 50 51 62
61 45 46 44 50
X f c.b. Xm rf(%) <c.f.