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The Lymphatic System and Immunity
The Lymphatic System and Immunity
Immunity
immunity
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Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system consists of:
Lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
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Functions;
Protects body against foreign material
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LYMPH
Lymph is a clear watery fluid that circulates through the lymphatic
vessels.
Contains more white blood cells than plasma
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flows through sinuses in lymph
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Formation of lymph
As blood circulates through the body, most components of blood
vessels and becomes lymph. ie. the interstitial fluid enters into
lymphatic vessels is called lymph
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LYMPH VESSELS
LYMPH CAPILLARIES
Lymphatic capillaries, are located in the spaces between cells and are
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It has unique one-way structure that permits interstitial fluid to
called lacteals.
Lacteals pick up not only interstitial fluid, but also dietary lipids and
called chyle.
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LYMPHATIC COLLECTING VESSEL
Lymphatic capillaries unite to form larger lymphatic vessels, which
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LYMPHATIC TRUNKS
Lymphatic vessels exit lymph nodes and they unite to form lymph
trunks
The principal trunks are the lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal,
viscera of the pelvis, the kidneys, the adrenal glands, and the abdominal
wall.
The intestinal trunk drains lymph from the stomach, intestines,
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LYMPHATIC DUCTS
Lymph passes from lymph
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Thoracic Duct (left lymphatic duct)
about 15-18 inches (38-45 cm) in length
left quadrant
empties into the left subclavian vein
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The cisterna chyli receives lymph from the right and left lumbar
head, neck, and chest, the left upper limb, and the entire body
inferior to the ribs
The thoracic duct in turn drains lymph into venous blood at the
It receives lymph from the right jugular, right subclavian, and right
bronchomediastinal trunks.
Thus, the right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the upper right
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Lymph is kept moving by:
- Constriction of vessels
- Skeletal muscle pump
- Respiratory pump
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LYMPHATIC ORGANS AND TISSUES
The lymphatic organs and tissues are classified into two groups
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The Primary lymphatic organs are the sites where stem cells divide
thymus.
The secondary lymphatic organs and tissues are the sites where most
(follicles).
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Thymus
The thymus is a bilobed organ
Reddish appearance
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Extensions of the capsule is called trabeculae
central medulla
The cortex is composed of large numbers of
- T cells
- Dendritic cells,
- Epithelial cells,
- Macrophages
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Immature T cells (pre-t cells) migrate from red bone marrow to the
Thymic macrophages help clear out the delbris of dead and dying
cells.
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The surviving T cells enter the medulla
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Cells that leave the
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LYMPH NODES
Located along lymphatic vessels are about 600 bean-shaped lymph
nodes
Lymph nodes are 1-25 mm (0.04-1 in.) long
fibroblasts.
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The capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers, and fibroblast constitute the
lymphatic nodules
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There are two types of lymphatic nodules
cell formation
The center of a secondary lymphatic nodule contains a region of light
death)
Macrophages clear out the debris of dead and dying cells.
It consists mainly of T cells and dendritic cells that enter a lymph node
proliferation.
The newly formed T cells then migrate from the lymph node to areas
plasma cells that have migrated out of the cortex into the medulla,
and macrophages
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Flow of lymph within l.node
Lymph flows through a node in one direction only
spleen
-The gastric impression (stomach),
- The renal impression (left kidney), and
- The colic impression (left colic flexure of large intestine).
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Like lymph nodes, the spleen has a hilum.
Through hilum pass the splenic artery, splenic vein, and efferent
lymphatic vessels.
A capsule of dense connective tissue surrounds the spleen
functions
Spleen macrophages destroy blood-borne pathogens by
phagocytosis.
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Cont’d…
Within the red pulp, the spleen performs three functions related to
blood cells:
Removal of ruptured, worn out, or defective blood cells and platelets
by macrophages
Storage of platelets, up to one-third of the body's supply
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ISOLATED LYMPHATIC NODULES (B CELLS)
Lymphatic nodules (follicles) are egg-shaped masses of lymphatic
- Urinary tract
- Reproductive tract
- Respiratory airways
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lymphatic nodules in these areas are also referred to as mucosal
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Lymphatic system and immunity
Nonspecific defenses
Do not distinguish one type of threat from another
Specific defenses
Protect against particular threats
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Nonspecific Defenses
Physical barriers
Keep hazardous organisms outside the body
Includes hair, epithelia, secretions of integumentary and digestive
systems
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Phagocytes
Remove cellular debris and respond to invasion by foreign pathogens
Monocyte-macrophage system - Fixed and free
Microphages – Neutrophils and eosinophils
Move by diapedesis
Exhibit chemotaxis
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NK cell
Recognize cell surface markers on foreign cells
Destroy cells with foreign antigens
NK activation
Recognition of unusual surface proteins
Rotation of the Golgi toward the target cell and production of
perforins
Release of perforins by exocytosis
Interaction of perforins causing cell lysis
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Complement system
Cascade of ~11 plasma complement proteins (C)
Destroy target cell membranes
Stimulate inflammation
Attract phagocytes
Enhance phagocytosis
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Specific Defenses
Forms
Innate immunity
- Genetically determined
- Present at birth
Acquired immunity
- Not present at birth
- Achieved by exposure to antigen
- Active immunity
- Passive immunity
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Properties of immunity
Specificity – activated by and responds to a specific antigen
tissues
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• Antigen triggers an immune response
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T cell and Cell-mediated Immunity
Major types of T cells
Cytotoxic T cells (TC) – attack foreign cells
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T cell membranes contain CD markers
CD3 markers present on all T cells
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Activation of CD8 cells
• lymphotoxin
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Activation of CD4 T cells
defenses
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Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins consisting of:
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Actions of antibodies;
Neutralization
Activation of complement
Attraction of phagocytes
Opsinization
Stimulation of inflammation
Prevention of adhesion
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Classes of Antibodies (immunoglobins)
IgG – resistance against many viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins
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Thank you
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