ENDOCRINE

SYSTEM
 OBJECTIVES:
1.Discuss the Endocrine System and how it does work.
2.Determine the chemistry of hormones.
3.Identify the list of Endocrine & Exocrine Glands .
4.Classify the different hormones and their function.
5. Describe the effect of aging on the Endocrine System.
 MEANING OF
ENDOCRINOLOGY
ENDO- within
CRINO- secrete
LOGY- study

Date 3
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Is a complex network of glands and organs that produce and

release hormones, which are chemical messenger that regulates
various body function. The Endocrine is also referred to as hormone
system, is a network of glands in your body that make hormones that
help cells to talk to each other. They’re responsible for almost every
cell, organ and function in your body.
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 FUNCTIONs
REGULATION OF METABOLISM :
Hormones control the rate at which cells and the body use energy.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:

Hormones influence the growth and development of tissues and organs, particularly during
childhood and adolescence.

REPRODUCTION :
Hormones play a crucial role in regulating reproductive processes and behaviors.

MAINTENANCE OF HOMEOSTASIS :
Hormones help maintain stable internal environment ( homeostasis ) by regulating various
physiological parameters like blood sugar, calcium levels and fluid balance.

REGULATION OF BLOOD AND MOOD BEHAVIOR:

Hormones can influence emotions, behavior and mood.

STRESS RESPONSE:
The endocrine system helps the body respond to stress by releasing
hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. Date
 THE CHEMISTRY OF HORMONES

The hormones of the human body can be divided in two major groups on the basis of their
chemical structure.

AMINE HORMONES

- hormones derived from the modification of amino acids are referred to as amine hormones. Typically the
original structure of the amino acid is modified such as –CCOH, or –NH3+, or amine, group remains.

- Amine Hormones are synthesized from the amino acids tryptophan or tyrosine.
PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN HORMONES

- whereas the amine hormones are derived from a single amino acid, peptide and protein hormones consist
of multiple amino acids that link to form an amino acid chain.

- peptides hormones consist of short chains of amino acids, whereas protein hormones are longer
polypeptides.

STEROID HORMONES

- hormones are chemical messenger that are released in one tissue and transported through the
circulatory system to one or more tissues.

- one group of hormones is known as steroid hormones because these hormones are synthesized from
cholesterol, which also a steroid.

There are two main groups of steroid hormones: Corticosteroids hormones and Sex hormones.

. Corticosteroids Hormones- such as aldosterone and cortisol are produced by the adrenal gland, which is
located adjacent to each kidney.

. Sex Hormones- are class of steroid hormones secreted by the gonads, the placenta, and the adrenal glands.
Testosterone and androstenedione are the primary male sex hormones or androgens, controlling primary
sexual characteristics of males, or the development of male genital organs and the continuous production of
sperm.
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 LIST OF ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLANDS

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

- sets of gland that secrete different hormones directly into the

blood ( they do not have ducts that carry their secretions to the
surface and out of the body ).

EXOCRINE GLANDS

-take secretion to the surface through ducts that exit the blood.
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS
1.Pituitary Gland-
also called hypophysis is often referred to us “master
gland”. The pituitary gland is a pea size, reddish-gray that
stores hormone from the hypothalamus and releases into the
blood stream.
the pituitary gland can be divided into posterior pituitary
and anterior pituitary.
Posterior Pituitary- works as a unit with the hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary- secretes hormones that control a wide
range of body activities.

.
2.Thyroid Gland-
- largest endocrine gland and butterfly shaped.
- situated in the neck in front of the larynx and trachea at the
level of the 5th , 6th and 7th cervical and 1st thoracic vertebrae. The
lobe are roughly cone-shaped.

3.Parathyroid Gland
- four small gland located on the back of thyroid gland , each
weighing around 50g, two embedded in the posterior surface of
each lobe of the thyroid gland .
4.Adrenal Gland .
-also known as suprarenal glands, are small,
triangular-shaped glands located on top of both
kidneys.

-composed of two parts — the cortex and the medulla

.

-Adrenal Cortex produces three grouped of steroid

from cholesterol. They are collectively called
adrenocorticoids . They are:

gluco corticoids
mineral corticoids
sex hormones ( androgens )

- Adrenal Medulla is completely surrounded by the

cortex.
5.Pancreas ( Endocrine Portion )

- grayish pink color gland about 12-15 cm.

long and its weight about 60 gm.

- it resemble a fish with its head and neck in C

shape curve of the duodenum.

- its body extending horizontally below and

behind the stomach and its tail touching the
spleen.

6. Ovaries ( In females )

-exists in a pair of two and exists in women

-produces both “ estrogen “ and “

progesterone “ which promotes the development
of breasts

also helps women to maintain healthy “

menstrual period “.
7.Testes ( In Male )
The two main functions of the testes are to produce
sperm and to produce the male sex hormones
(androgens).

8. Pineal Gland
- is a small body attached to the roof of 3 rd ventricle
of the brain.
- pineal gland is about 10mm long is reddish brown
in color and surrounded by capsule.
- the gland is tends to atrophy after puberty and
may become calcified in later life. Date
9. Thymus Gland
lies on the upper part of the behind the
sternum and extend upward into the root of the
neck.
Weight:
in infant- 10-15 gm
In adolescence- 30-40 gm
In middle age- it shrink approximately to its
weight 10-15 gm.
Organs associated with thymus:
Anteriority : sternum and upper 4 costal cartilage
Posterior : aortic arch and its branch
Laterally: lungs
Superiorly: structure in the root of neck
Inferiorly: heart
10. Hypothalamus
- acts as your body smart
control coordinating center
-is located below the thalamus,
just above the brainstem and is part
of the limbic system.
- plays dominant role in
regulating many body functions
including: body temperature,
appetite , thirst
 EXOCRINE GLANDS
Salivary Glands

Secrete saliva that aids mastication, effective

swallowing, and digestion.

These glands contain two types of cells:

Serous cells- secrete protein fluid

Mucous cells- secrete highly- glycosylated

proteins called mucins.

Exocrine Pancreas

The largest exocrine gland

The exocrine portion is a purely serous gland

which produces digestive enzymes that are
released into the duodenum

The duct cells also secrete bicarbonate to

neutralize acid from the stomach
Date
 Lacrimal Glands

Secrete lacrimal fluid onto the surfaces of the

conjunctive and cornea of the eye

Lacrimal Fluid acts to the clean, nourish and lubricate

eyes. It forms tears when produce in excess.

Mammary Glands

An enlarged sweet gland

Located in the breast or females that is responsible for

lactation, or the produce of milk

During pregnancy, the hormones progesterone and

prolactin are released.

After child birth, progesterone levels decrease and the

levels of prolactin remain raised. This signals the
mammary glands to begin lactating.
Sudoriferous (Sweat) Gland

Eccrine Gland occur over most of your body and open

directly on to the surface of your skin

Apocrine Gland open into the hair follicle, leading to

the surface of the skin. Apocrine glands develop in areas
abundant in hair follicles, such as on your scalp, armpits
and groin.

Exocrine Liver

Secretes bile into the intestine

The liver produces several chemical messengers that

help the body to coordinate its activities.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF HORMONES AND
THEIR FUNCTION
The Endocrine System uses hormones to control and coordinate your body’s
internal metabolism ( homeostasis) energy, production, growth and development,
and responses to injury, stress and environmental factors.
Consider the following hormones and their role in the working of the endocrine
system.

Where the hormone Hormone(s) secreted Hormone function

is produced

Adrenal Gland Aldosterone Regulates salt water balance and

blood pressure.
Adrenal Gland Corticosteroid Controls key functions in the body;
acts as an anti-inflammatory;
maintains blood sugar levels, blood
pressure and muscles strength;
regulates
salt and water balance
Pituitary Gland Antidiuretic Hormone Affects water retention in kidneys;
(vasopressin) controls blood pressure

Pituitary Gland Adrenocorticotropic Control production of sex

Hormone hormones (estrogen in women and
( ACTH) testosterone in men ) and the
production of eggs in women and
sperm in men .

Pituitary Gland Growth Hormone Affects growth and development;

(GH) stimulates protein production;
affects fats distribution.

Pituitary Gland Luteinizing hormone (LH) Control production of sex

and follicle stimulating hormones (estrogen in women and
hormone (FSH) testosterone in men)and the
production of eggs in women and
sperm in men.

Pituitary Gland Oxytocin Stimulates contraction of uterus

and milk ducts in the breast.
Pituitary Gland Prolactin Initiates and maintains milk
production in breasts; impact
sex hormone levels.

Pituitary Gland Thyroid- stimulating hormone Stimulates the production and

(TSH) secretion of thyroid hormones.

Pancreas Glucagon Raises blood sugar levels

Pancreas Insulin Low blood sugar levels;

stimulates metabolism of
glucose, protein and fat.

Pancreas Glucagon Raises blood sugar levels

 Estrogen Affects development of female sexual
Ovaries characteristics and reproductive development,
important for functioning of uterus and breasts;
also protects bone health.

Progesterone Stimulates the lining of the uterus for fertilization;

Ovaries prepares the breast for milk production

Parathyroid Most important regulator of blood calcium levels

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Glands
Thyroid Thyroid Hormone Controls metabolism; also affects growth,
Gland maturation, nervous system activity and
metabolism

Adrenal Epinephrine Increase heart rate, oxygen intake, and blood flow
Glands

Adrenal Glands Norepinephrine Maintains blood pressure

 Testes Testosterone Develop and maintain male
sexual characteristics and
maturation
Pineal Gland Melatonin Release melatonin during night
hours to help with sleep

Hypothalamus Growth hormone releasing Regulates growth hormone

hormone (GHRH) release in the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus Thyrotropin releasing Regulates thyroid stimulating

hormone (TRH) hormone release in the pituitary
gland
Hypothalamus Gonadotropin releasing Regulates LH/FSH production in
hormone (GnRH) the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus Corticotropin releasing Regulates adrenocorticotropin

hormone ( CRH) release in the pituitary gland

Thymus Humoral factors Helps develop the lymphoid

system
 EFFECTS OF AGING IN THE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

As people age, various changes occur in the endocrine system. The

production of certain hormones, like growth hormones, may decline leading
to reduce muscle mass and bone density. The thyroid gland function can
change, potentially leading to thyroid disorders. In women menopause marks
the end of reproductive hormone production, affecting various aspects of
health.
The adrenal glands may produce less cortisol, impacting the body’s stress
response. Overall aging can result in hormonal imbalances that may
contribute to various health issues such as osteoporosis, diabetes and
hormone-related cancer. Its important to note that individual experiences of
aging can vary widely, and the affects on the endocrine system are just one
aspect of the aging process.
THANK YOU
AND
GOD BLESS
EVERYONE!
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