EMTC - EE Systems - Nov 23

ENERGY MANAGER TRAINING COURSE (EMTC)
Energy Efficient
Electrical and Electronic
(EE)
Equipment and Ir. Lim Kim Ten (K.T. Lim)
Systems
Series 8, Nov 1 1
LECTURER’S PROFILE
• (IEM) Member,Institution ofEngineerMalaysia (IEM);
• (BEM) Professional Engineerwith Practicing Certificate (PEPC),
(Electrical)
• Standards Drafting / Technical
• NSC 13/TC 3: Low VoltageElectrical installations of Buildings;
Committees:
• NSC 05/TC 13 (previously TC/E/13): Lightning Protection;
• NSC 19/TC 5: Safety of Household andSimilarElectricalAppliances;
• NSC 18/TC 10: Code of Practice of Active Medical Devices and Low-
Ir. Lim Kim Ten (Ir.K.T. Lim)
Voltage Electrical Equipment/SystemforHealthcareFacilities;
• TC/E/4:PowerQuality; I.E.D. Sdn. Bhd., /
• NSC 05 /TC 7/ WG 5:WGon Protection Relay Devices MMPL Sdn. Bhd.,
18 – 1 , Jalan Perdana
• Talks / Seminars / 4, Taman Segar
Workshop/Similar:Various Perdana, 43200,
Selangor, Malaysia
2 2
CEM 2023
Contents
 Introduction;
 IEC 60364–8–1: Low Voltage Electrical Installations – Part 8–1: Functional Aspects –
Energy Efficiency;
 Three Phase Induction Motors and Drives: Electric Motor Driven Systems (EMDS);
 Distribution Transformers;
 Energy Efficient Appliances, Office and ICT Equipment;
 Lighting Systems;
 Power Quality;
 IEC 61557 – 12: Energy Metering and Monitoring Devices (PMD)
3
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Introduction
4
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Primary Act and Regulations (Electricity)
Primary Act (Electricity):
Electricity Supply Act 1990 + Amendments
Primary Regulations Primary Regulations Primary Acts and Regulations

(Electrical safety & (Energy Efficiency): (Workplace Non - electrical):
capacity): Efficient Management DOSH;
Electricity Regulations of Electrical Energy Fire Services (Bomba);
1994 + Amendments Regulations 2008 CIDB;
(EMEER 2008) + DOE;
Amendments Etc. + Amendments
5
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“Primary” REEM (Energy E ficiency) Act and
Regulation
Free download
Free download
6
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“Primary” Electrical Safety and Capacity Act and
Regulation
Free download
Free download
7
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Other Primary Acts & Regulations (Electrical): Safety & Capacity
Primary Act and Regulations:
Electrical safety and capacity
Primary Regulations:
Lighting safety and capacity
“Secondary” Regulations:
Electrical energy efficiency
Lighting requirements at workplace
Priority:
Free download 1. Safety;
+ 2. Capacity; and
Electricity 3. Energy efficiency
Regulations 1994
Free download
Free download 8
CEM 2023
Primary Acts and Regulations
1. (Electrical):
Department DOSH
of Occupational and Health (DOSH) Regulations – Lighting at workplace:
1) Lighting at workplace requirements: DOSH Guidelines on Occupational Safety for Lighting at

Workplace 2018 is the primary regulations if the requirement is more stringent
9
CEM 2023
Out of Scope of Energy Efficiency: Special
1.Locations/Applications
Example: Illumination level of medical locations:
1) Light fittings or similar: Can retrofit or specified subject to compliance

with all lighting requirements of the medical location
Out of scope
10
CEM 2023
Example 1: Incandescent Lamps: MEPS Not
1. Applicable
MEPS on incandescent lamp not applicable: MEPS value for incandescent lamp shall not apply for
the following:
1) Components in electrical appliances;
2) Medical and laboratory (and non – appliance) equipment;
3) Internal decoration, shows and exhibition;
4) Safety and signalling;
5) Conservationof animals and as repellent for insects;
6) Heating and testing;
7) Cleanliness and health;
8) Beauty treatment;
9)Lamps that cannot be directly replaced with other type of lamp;
and 10)Incandescent lamp for other purposes deemed suitable by the Commission to be
11
excluded
CEM 2023
Ignorantia legis
neminem excusat
Ignorance of law excuses no one
12
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IEC 60364: Electrical Installations of Buildings: Priority
Priority Priority
Mandatory:
Safety and Capacity
IEC 60364–8–1 shall take precedence
over energy efficiency
Priority Priority
EMEER 2008 / MS 1525 Standards:

IEC 60364 series: Low voltage
electrical installations;
IEC 60364 – 8 – 1; IEC 60364 – 8 – 1 : Low-voltage
EMEER 2008 / MS 1525 electrical installations - Part 8 –
1: Functional aspects - Energy
efficiency
IEC 60364
13
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Electrical Installations of Buildings: Mandatory
Standards Primary Mandatory Stds, Code
1. MS IEC / IEC 60364 series;
2. MS 1979 (Residential);
3. MS 1936 (Non – Domestic);
4. Non – Domestic Electrical
Installation Safety Code;
5. Etc.;
1. IEC 60364 – 8 – 1 ;
2. MS 1525;
3. Etc.;
14
CEM 2023
Electrical Installations of Buildings: Safety Regime
Electrical Safety Regime
Non Electrical Electrical

Bomba;
CIDB;
Dosh;
Regulatory:
(Primary) Electricity Supply Act
UBBL;
1990; Electricity Regulations 1994;
Etc.;
(ST) Directives such as circulars,
guides, code
Standards / Legal Requirements:

Mandatory standards (MS / IEC);
Tender / contractual specified;
Voluntary standards;, etc.,
15
CEM 2023
Matrix: Low Voltage Electrical Hazards
Electrical
Electric Shock: Destruction:
Humans, and Humans,
Animals Animals, and
Protection for: Asset
Humans,
Animals, and
Assets Functional
Fire:
Failure:
Humans,
Humans,
Animals, and
Animals, and
Asset
Asset
16
CEM 2023
Electric Shock Hazards: Hazardous Voltages /
Currents
Hazardous ac voltage / current (50/60 Hazardous dc voltage / current:

Hz): Normal Installations: > 120 Vdc / 30 mAdc
Normal Installations: > 50 Vacrms / 10 mArms Medical Locations: > 60 Vdc / 15 mAdc 17
CEM 2023
IEC 60479–1:Effects of AC Electric Shock Current
on Human
All final circuits
Wet areas, special

locations / EE
equipment & systems
18
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IEC 60364 / BS 7671: Protective Measures
7. Electric shock:
Cable management system
(Conduit, trunking, etc.,) /
switchboards
6, SPD
2. Electric shock: 6. Surge / transient:
RCD + Protective earthing Surge protective device (SPD)
+ Equipotential
bonding Victim
2, RCD Asset Asset 5. Electric
shock:
Double
S insulation
1, Fuse A
1, Circuit breaker 3, AFDD F
4. Electric E
1, Overcurrent (Overload 3. Arc fault (Resistive): shock:
& short circuit): 8. Human: Awareness
Arc fault detection device (AFDD) – Non Insulation
Circuit breaker/fuse program/training
critical final circuit application only Victim 19
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“Electrical” Personal Protective
Equipment (EPPE)
2. Electrical grade protective gloves
3. Electrical grade safety helmet (Hat)
5. Ear plug / ear muff
1. Qualified and certified electrical competent person
6. Electrical safety apparel

Low Voltage
voltage
equipment
Equipment
4. Dielectric safety eyewear

7. Safety shoe
8. Insulated floor or floor mat 20

CEM 2023
Example 1: Electrical Grade Safety
1. Helmet
MS standard: or Hat
No relevant Malaysianstandard:
1) EU: EN 397: Tested to 1,200V – Suitable for use up to

400Vac;
2) USA: ANSI Z89.1: Table

Class Limited Voltage Protection (Vac) Tested to: (Vac)
A Up to 2,200 Vac 2, 200 Vac
B Up to 20, 000 Vac 20, 000 Vac
C No electrical insulation / protection N/A
Class (1986) Class (1997) Remark

A G General Purpose
B E Electrical
C C Conductive
21
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Electricity Regulations 1994: Regulation 12 –
Competent Person
22
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Works On or Near Energised or Hazardous Electrical Parts
Registered Competent Person:

You must be a registered competent person, especially
with Suruhanjaya Tenaga, Malaysia, CIDB, etc. 23
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Energy Efficiency Team: Mandatory to have a ST Registered
Competent Electrical Person as Permanent Member
REEM:
Is not registered competent
electrical person
24
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Field or Site Works: Safety for Works on De –
energizedPrepare:
PartsMethod statement, Job safety analysis (JSA), schedule, etc.;
Organise: Site work team: Must include ST registered electrical competent person
Obtain: Permit to work
Carry out: Safety briefing, inspection of PPE, inspection of site & evacuation exit,
etc.;
Carry out (Competent person only): Works as document in method statement, permit to work, etc.,
Demobilise: Complete permit to work and post site work works etc.,
25
CEM 2023
Field or Site Works: Safety for Works on
Energised Parts
Prepare: Method statement, Job safety analysis (JSA), schedule, etc.;
Organise: Site work team: Must include ST registered electrical competent

person
Obtain: Permit to work
Carry out: Safety briefing, inspection of PPE, inspection of site & evacuation exit, etc.;
Carry out (Competent person only): De–energising procedure, tag – out, etc.;
Carry out (Competent person only): Works as document in method statement, permit to work, etc.,
Demobilise: Tag out, re–energizing, complete permit to work and post site work works etc.,
26
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Electrical Installations of Buildings: EE Assessment Standards
System Tools Hardware
Our discussion
+
Low Voltage Electrical
& Electronic Equipment
27
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IEC 61557 – 12: Power Metering and Monitoring
1.Devices (PMD)
IEC 61557 – 12: Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1,000 V AC and 1,500 V
DC – Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures – Part 12: Power
metering and monitoring devices (PMD):
Our discussion
1) Fixed or portable;
2) Intended to be used indoors and/or outdoor
2. IEC 62053 – 21 / 22 / 24: Electricity metering equipment (AC) – Particularrequirements:
1) Revenue or billing application;
2) Part 21: Static meters for active energy (Classes 0.5, 1 and 2);
3) Part 22: Static meters for AC active energy (classes 0.1S, 0.2S and 0.5S);
4) Part 23: Static meters for reactive energy (classes 2 and 3);
5) Part 24: Static meters for fundamental component reactiveenergy (classes 0.5S, 1S, 1, 2
CEM 2023
IEC 62947 – 1: Monitoring and
1. Measuring
IEC 62974 Systems
– 1: Monitoring and measuring systems used for data collection, gathering and analysis -
Part 1: Device requirements;
2. Characteristics:
1) Product and performance: Specifies product and performance requirements for devices of
monitoring and measuring systems used for data collection, gathering and analysis, for
industrial, commercial and similaruse rated below or equal to 1,000 Vac and 1,500 Vdc;
2) Energy efficiency: These devices are used to upload or download information such as energy
measured on loads, power metering and monitoring data, temperature information, mainly for
energy efficiency purposes;
3) Other names: These devices are known as energy servers, energy data loggers, data gateways
and I/O data concentrators
29
CEM 2023
EMEER 2018 / IEC 60364 – 8 – 1 / MS
1525:
Generation Scope
& Transmission: 66 kV
Distribution:
Medium & Low voltage: < 66 kV:
High voltage > 66 kV
33 kV / 22 kV / 11 kV / 6.6 kV / 400 / 230V
Our main discussion:

EMEER 2018 / IEC 60364 – 8 –
1
MS 1525: (LV) 400V / 230
V
Around 80% of energy life Around 20% - 30% of

cycle is lost before reaching balance of 20% energy
consumers reaching the consumer
can be gained by EE
programs
Generation & transmission energy efficiency:
Responsibility of utility providers: TNB, SESCO,
etc.. 30
CEM 2023
Electricity: Very Expensive but “Most User
Friendly”
LPG
gas
Energy efficiency (Savings):
Example: Boiling water with LPG / LNG
LNG costs less than using gas
electricity
31
CEM 2023
UN Environment: Electricity Energy
1. MajorConsumption
electrical energy consuming equipment and appliances, and systems: More than 50% of world
electricity are consumed by just four (4) categories of electrical equipment:
1) (M & E): Electric motor driven systems such as electric motor driven pumps and fans;
2) (E): Lighting;
3) (M & E): HVAC (Including domestic air – conditioners); and
4) (E): Refrigerators (Including cold rooms, freezers and similar) (24/7)
2. 24/7 operating electrical equipment and systems, and

phenomena:
1) (E): Distribution transformers;
2) (E): Cables; and
3) (E): Power quality such as power factor and

harmonics; 32
4) (M & E): Etc.;
CEM 2023
24 / 7 operating electrical equipment and Energy
1. Efficiency
Distribution transformers: Using more efficient transformers can save nearly 5 % of global electricity
consumption;
2. Power cables: Energy losses in undersized power cables are frequently ignored due to permitted
maximum voltage drop across a cabling circuit cost considerations:
1) Public supply: 3% / 5% for lighting /small power circuits
2) Limitation: Voltage drop criteria: < 5% / 8% for lighting / small power circuits
3. Power quality: Power quality such as harmonics and power factor increasing energy losses;
4. Operation and maintenance: Poor O & M practices such as clogged filters, accumulation of dusts,
etc.. especially incompetent competent persons and management
33
CEM 2023
Energy Efficiency Solutions: Residential or Domestic Buildings
Insulation: Air Timer or sensor controlled
conditioning external lighting
Use fan: Replace
air - conditioner
LED or CLF
lamps
Priority:
Safety
Motion sensor Programmable and
switches and controller
timer Capacity
Energy star label

Leak control:
Air
conditioning Energy star
Energy star washing machine
refrigerator 34
CEM 2023
Energy Efficiency Solutions: Office Buildings
Electrical installations: Energy conservation;
IEC 60364 – 8 – 1; Energy recovery;
MS 1525, etc.., Renewable energy;
Energy management;
Etc.,
Priority:
Safety
and
Capacity
35
CEM 2023
“Electrical Energy Efficiency Law”:
“Ohm’s Law” 1. Harmonic Distortion Losses;
Downtime, repair, etc.; losses: “Power factor Losses” 2. Voltage Imbalance Losses;
Overstress, overcurrent, etc.; or “Reactive losses”: 3. Etc.;
𝐕 = 𝐈𝐑 + 𝐈𝐗𝐋 + 𝐈𝐗𝐂 + 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 + 𝐎𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐬
Capacitive losses are 1. Mechanical: Poor Ventilation,

Copper Loss: I2R usually negligible non optimised process, etc.,
2. Human: Incompetent
1. Core or constant losses; “competent person”, poor
2. Eddy current losses; maintenance management,
3. Leakage flux losses; etc.;
4. Etc.; 3. Equipment: Failure /
repair
4. Secondary: Room 36
CEM 2023
The Only Electrical EE Reliable Measurement: kWh Improvement
1. Electricity energy efficiency: is measured only in:
1) kWh Before and After real electrical energy consumption with all other conditions remained
unchanged only;
2) No other measurement units: Such as bills, where saving in electricity consumption can be
affected by change of tariff, hotter weather, climate, usage profiles, etc.
EE Measurement:
1. Before and After kWh (kilowatt – Hour); AND
2. All other conditions remained unchanged
37
CEM 2023
kW (Kilowatt)
1. factor
Example 1: Replacing incandescent light bulbs with LED light bulbs:
1) Retrofitting incandescent light bulbs with energy-efficient LED light bulbs can save 75% to
80% kWh electricity while producing the same amount of light
2. Example 2: Replacing a 75 kW IE1 4 pole S1 squirrel cage motor with 75 kW IE2 4 pole S1 squirrel
cage motor can save 1.3% or 0.975 kWh of electricity while driving the same mechanical load
38
CEM 2023
Energy Efficiency: h (Time) Factor
1. Example:
1) An industrial process requires constant 150 kW electrical power to

complete within 60 minutes;
2) The process is improved with same constant 150 kW electrical power but can complete within
45 minutes;
3) Calculate the energy efficiency of the process improvement
2. Calculation:
1) Existing process: kWh = 150 x 60/60 = 150 kWh;
2) Improved process: kWh = 150 x 45/60 = 112.5 kWh;
3) Energy efficiency: (150 – 112.5) = 37.5 kWh = 37.5/150 =

25%
39
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Factors Influencing Building Electrical Energy
Consumption
40
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Factors Influencing Building Electrical Energy
Consumption
41
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Q & A and Quiz
Q&
A
Quiz
42
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Energy Efficiency Projects: Considerations
1. Pareto: Start with the EE equipment and/or system where outcome becomes BOSS’s
KPI;
2. Energy efficiency: Optimise kw (kW effects) and/or optimise h (Time effect);
3. Energy wastes and/or losses: Minimise wastes / losses;
4. Efficacy: Optimise quality versus quantity;
5. Power factor: As near 100% (Lagging) as possible;
ROI >> Boss’
6. Power quality: Commercially optimised: KPI
1) Harmonics: < 5%;
2) Others: Such as transient per IEEE 1159
7. Stages of system: Optimise the number of energy conversionstages (Conversion losses);
8. Downtime: Minimise the downtime;
9. New technologies: Such as energy star EE equipment, LED bulbs and IE motors
43
CEM 2023
Example 1: Office Buildings (Malaysia): Electricity
Energy Usage
Beyond
Kacang !!!! Concentrate on large consumption
control
44
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Useful Power: Quality (Final Results) Versus
Quantity
Quantity Quality
50 lm/W 56 lm/W
𝑬𝒐 𝟓𝟔
𝑬𝒐 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎 % = = 𝟖𝟎 %
= 𝑬𝒊 𝟕𝟎
𝑬𝒊
Lower efficacy
𝟏𝟎𝟎 Higher efficacy
45
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Residential: Typical Appliances Power
Requirements
46
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Office: Typical Office Equipment Power
Requirements
(Laser)
(Inkjet)
47
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Residential (Malaysia): Energy Usage
48
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Office Buildings (Malaysia): Electricity
Energy Usage
49
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Office Buildings (Malaysia): Electricity
Energy Usage
50
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The Low Hanging “Electrical Energy Efficiency” Fruits
1. Highest electrical energy consuming equipment: Motors, lighting, office equipment;
2. 24/7 operation: Equipment operating continuously for 24 hours and 7 days a week or 365 days
yearly:
1) Examples:
a) Distribution transformers;
b) Cool rooms;
c) Mission critical equipment and room such as security

systems, server room and telephony rooms;
d) Refrigerators
BOSS’ KPI
51
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Pareto Analysis: Target The 20% Highest Energy Usage
Equipment
1. Pareto analysis: Energy saving on 20% of electrical equipment contributes 80% of
energy efficiency
Pareto
20%
BOSS’ KPI
52
CEM 2023
The System Approach: Example: Motor
1. Driven
Mechanical Pumps(M&E) system approach: Energy efficiency must be M&E system
& electrical
approach;
2. Pumps: Improving induction motor driven system energy efficiency:
1) Adjustable speed drive (VSD): Additional energy losses (VSD);
2) Power quality reactors: Additional losses (VSD);
3) Inductor motor: Usually non significant energy efficient improvement; and
4) Secondary losses: Additional cooling fan, etc.;
5) Mechanical systems: Optimise energy efficiency pump, pipelines, etc.,
53
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The System Approach: Distribution of
1. Power
Example: Usagepress:
Plasticpolymer
Friction losses
54
CEM 2023
Four (4) Main Electrical Energy Saving Categories for
Buildings Energy saving
Energy conversion Energy conservation Energy efficiency Renewable / Alternate

energy
Electricity to mechanical: Turn off electrical equipment /

appliances when not use;Energy efficient technology
Motor; / equipment / appliances Solar PV / biomass / hydro
Raise air conditioned room
Electricity to thermal: and process; / wind / etc.,
temperature;
Electric water heater; Energy recovery: Co – thermal storage, etc.,
Use energy efficient windows,
Electricity to gen
doors, skylights, etc.; Implement: Alternate localised
light: / heat pipes / wheels, etc.;
Seal air leaks and reduce Implement: Energy energy generation
Lamps;
solar efficient / waste
Electricity to chemical:
heat ingress; energy recovery Notes:
Batterie
Improve: Conversion Work from home ???? methods Not EE, kWh is not reduced
s Change: Behaviour
efficiency (IE motors)
55
CEM 2023
Electrical Conservation Versus Energy
1. Efficiency
Different but related energy saving concepts;
2. Energy conservation: Any change of behaviourthat results in the use of less energy,
examples:
1) Turning off lights and air–conditioning when leaving a room;
2) Setting air conditioning at 26 Deg. C instead of 24 Deg. C;
3) Work from home ????;
4) Tariff and maximum demand management

3. Energy Efficiency: Using energy efficient technology that requires less energy to perform the same
function, examples:
1) Replacing fluorescent lamps with LED lamps;

2)Use energy efficiency appliances and equipment, such as induction
motors;Improve
3) power quality such as reducing unbalanced load 56
CEM 2023
Sankey Diagram
1. Energy flow diagram or analysis:
1) Flow analysis (Energy efficiency): Visualise energies flow and emphasize major transfer or
flow of energy within the system under study;
2) Flow rate: Width of arrows is proportional to flow rate
57
CEM 2023
Sankey Diagram: Example for Car Engine
Efficiency
58
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Power Flow Diagram: Induction
Motor Ei: Electrical energy input to motor Other energy losses:
1. Room ventilation;
2. Rewinding, aging, poor
maintenance, etc..,
ES: Stator output power transfer:

Losses Losses Electrical – Electrical power
conversion
EM: Mechanical power developed:

Losses
Electrical – Mechanical power
conversion
Losses Losses Losses Losses Eo: (Shaft) or motor mechanical

output: Mechanical energy output
from motor
59
CEM 2023
Power Flow Diagram: Induction Motor
Total system loss =
Other energy losses:
Motor losses (1 + 2) + mechanical 1. Room ventilation;
losses (3) + all other losses (4) 2. Rewinding, aging,
poor maintenance, etc..,
Energy loss: Induction motor
1 2 3 4. All other losses
Other mechanical losses:

1. Vibration;
2. Misalignment
60
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Power Flow Diagram: Transformer
61
CEM 2023
Motors: Mechanical Losses
1. Windage;
2. Friction;
3. Misalignment;
4. Vibration;
5. Noise
62
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CEM 2023
Secondary Losses
1. Poor room ventilation (Cooling / heating);
2. Radiant heating such as from solarand boiler;
3. Dust, rust, insulation;
4. Poor design, selectionof equipment and poor

siting of equipment;
5.
Poor workmanship: Rewinding, aging,
6. manufacturing, installation, quality control,
etc..;
7. Poor maintenance and service: Poor practice such as dust accumulation (Thermal losses) and poor
ventilation (Thermal losses);
Incompetent competent person and/or weak management
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5 DAY COURSE ON ENERGY MANAGER COURSE, 10-14 JANUARY 2022, PETALING JAYA
CEM 2023
Electrical Rooms /EE Equipment: Ambient / Max.
1. Temp
AmbientRise
temperature: < 77oF (25oC);
2. Relative humidity: < 65 %, Non – condensing;
3. Different pressure: Positive > 5 Pa;
4. EE equipment: <122oF (50oC);
5. Induction motors: Table:
1) Note 1: SF = Service factor

Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
Insulation Class Ambient Temperature Temperature Rise Attainable
Temperature (oC) Rise(oC) (SF = 1.0) (oC) (SF = 1.15) Temperature (oC)
B 40 80 90 130
F 40 105 115 155
H 40 125 Not defined 180 64
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Power Flow Diagram – System Approach:
Fan System
65
CEM 2023
Conveyer System Mechanical Invisibles:
Cable
Equipment Systems HVAC, etc..,
Transformer
Controller:
Contactor,
Motor Motor drive system
VSD, etc..,
Miserable !!!!
66
CEM 2023
Pump System
Important:
Life cycle cost, safety,
capacity, reliability &
resilience
67
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Example 1: Power Flow Diagram – System Approach:
Transformer Standard configuration
TOTAL LOSS
Standard Standard Standard
transformer: 6 mm2 cable: motor: equipment:
Loss = 140 W Loss = 240 W Loss = Loss = 1,000 W
620 W
11 kV 230 V
TOTAL LOSS
Low loss 16 mm2 cable: High eff. High efficiency
transformer: Loss = 80 W motor: equipment:
Loss = 110 W Loss = 375 W Loss = 565 W
High efficient configuration

(𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟔𝟓)
𝐒𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 = 𝐱 𝟐𝟒 𝐱 𝟑𝟔𝟓 = 𝟑, 𝟖𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐰𝐇 𝐩𝐞𝐫
𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 68
CEM 2023
Transformer Standard configuration
TOTAL LOSS
Standard Standard Standard
transformer: 6 mm2 cable: motor: equipment:
Loss = 140 W Loss = 240 W Loss = Loss = 1,000 W
620 W
11 kV 230 V
TOTAL LOSS
Low loss 16 mm2 cable: High eff. High efficiency
transformer: Loss = 80 W motor: equipment:
Loss = 110 W Loss = 375 W Loss = 565 W
High efficient configuration

(𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟔𝟓)
𝐒𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 = 𝐱 𝟐𝟒 𝐱 𝟑𝟔𝟓 = 𝟑, 𝟖𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐰𝐇 𝐩𝐞𝐫
𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 69
CEM 2023
Q & A and Quiz
Q&A
Quiz
70
CEM 2023
IEC 60364 – 8 – 1: Low Voltage Electrical Installations –

Part 8 – 1: Functional Aspects – Energy Efficiency
71
CEM 2023
Life Cycle Approach
1. Design & installations
Operation
2. Operation
Priority:
Safety and
capacity
3. Maintenance, service & repair
72
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Life Cycle
1. Life cycle optimising electricalApproach
energy consumption in low voltage electrical installations of buildings:
Provides requirements and recommendations on design and installation, operation, maintenance,
service and repair of the low voltage electrical installations to ensure safety, capacity, resilience and
the lowest life cycle electrical power consumption (Energy efficient);
2. Applicable to:
1) New buildings: Elements 1, 2 & 3;
2) Existing buildings: Elements 2 & 3
3. Life cycle approach: The whole life cycle approach encompasses:
1) Design and installation;
2) Operation;
3) Maintenance, services and repair
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CEM 2023
Life Cycle
4. System approach: Approach
Electrical energy efficiency of electrical installations of building is a
system approach to optimize the life cycle use of electricity:
1) Energy efficiency: Maximise efficacy and minimize energy losses;
2) Energy conservation: Use electricity at the right time and at the lower cost; and
3) Priority: Maintain safety, capacity, reliability, resilience and performance
all along the installation life cycle
5. Notes:
1) IEC 60364–8–1 is developed specifically for achieving energy efficient in low voltage electrical
installations of buildings;
2) It adopts a systematic life cycle energy efficient approach;
3) Achieve optimal energy efficiency of electrical installation of buildings while ensuring safety,
reliability, capacity, resilienceand minimise environmental impact 74
CEM 2023
IEC 60364 Series: Electrical Installations of Buildings: Priority
Hierarchy
Priority Priority
Mandatory:
Safety and Capacity
IEC 60364–8–1 shall take precedence
over energy efficiency
Priority Priority
EMEER 2008 / MS 1525 Standards:

IEC 60364 series: Low voltage
IEC 60364 – 8 – 1; electrical installations;
EMEER 2008 / MS 1525 IEC 60364 – 8 – 1 : Low-voltage
electrical installations - Part 8 – 1:
Functional aspects - Energy efficiency
IEC 60364 series
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CEM 2023
Key Factors and Considerations
1. Priority on safety and capacity: Must not compromise safety to living beings and properties, capacity,
reliability, environmental impact and may be resilience;
2. Select life cycle energy efficient electrical installations systems, equipment and appliances: Select
energy efficiency of the electrical distribution wiring system and EE equipment such as EE motors,
LED light fittings;
3. Placement of electrical installation and equipment: Efficient placement of the electrical equipment;
4. Waste avoidance: Controls to avoid wasteful use of loads;
5. Energy measurement: How and where to provide energy measurement;
6. Load management: How and what type of loads can be switched off without affecting user safety,
function or comfort;
7. Energy management: Energy management of electrical installations, systems and equipment;
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CEM 2023
Key Factors and Considerations
8. Operation, maintenance, services and repair: Impact of operation, maintenance, services and repair,
especially maintenance on the efficiency of electrical systems, for example:
1) Induction motor (IE > IE2) shall be ` to ensure it maintains acceptable
energy efficiency requirements
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CEM 2023
Design Requirements
1. 1st design requirement: Understanding the energy profileof both active and passive
measures:
1) Active (Supply): Measures for the optimisation of electrical energy produced, supplied, flowing
and consumed;
2) Passive (Load): Measures for the choice of parameters of electrical equipment to improve the
overall electrical energy efficiency of the electrical installation while not affecting the initial
construction parameters
2. 2nd
design requirement: Reduce electrical energy losses within the electrical installations by two
principal methods:
1) Method 1: The location of any energy source HV or LV intake, local generation, &
switchboard should be optimised;
2) Method 2: Reduction of losses within the installation wiring system and
equipment are
important such as power factor correction and THDi
78
reduction
CEM 2023
Assessing Energy Efficiency: Energy Classes
1. Defines the efficiency classes for a building’s electrical installation based on their level of electrical
energy efficiency;
2. The six (6) energy classes:
1) EE0: Worst EE;
2) EE5: Best EE
3. The classification depends on the type of building:
1) For a given total number of points, the energy efficiency class will be different whether the
building is used for residential, industrial, commercial or infrastructure purposes
Malaysia: EE Assessment tools:

MS 1525, GBI, LEED; etc..
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CEM 2023
Assessing Energy Efficiency:
4. Energy
23 parameters: Classes
Each assessed parameter receives points according to its own scoring
grid:
1) Category #1: Initial Installation;
2) Category #2: Energy Management;
3) Category #3: Performance Maintenance
4) Category #4: Power Monitoring
5) Category #5: Bonus
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CEM 2023
Electrical Energy Efficiency
Management System
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CEM 2023
Electrical Energy Efficiency
1. Step 1: Management
Inputs from the user: System
Shall be taken into account, such as the building temperature set point;
2. Step 2: Sources of energy: All sources of energy shall be considered, based on availability and real
time price;
3. Step 3: Environmental data: All environmental data shall be taken into account to
avoid inappropriate decisions, such as switch on the light during the day;
4. Step 4: Load: All information of the load are extracted as they are key to verify the accuracy of the
load profile;
5. Step 5: Energy consumption: All detailed information on energy consumption are provided
to the user;
6. Step 6: Decisions for load: Such as load shedding;
7. Step 7: Decisions for use of available energy sources: Decisions are taken relative to the sources of
energy in order to deliver the service to the user at the lowest
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cost
CEM 2023
Q & A and Quiz
Q&A
Quiz
83
CEM 2023
Three Phase Induction Motors and Drives:

Electric Motor Driven Systems (EMDS)
84
CEM 2023
Standards Are Complete for Electrical:
CAISEMS: EMDS
ST: Grid codes
IEC 60076: Transformers;

IEC 61439: Switchgears
• Reactors
IEC 61439: Starter (Conventional);
IEC 61800: ASD;
IEC 60076 – 6: Reactors IEC 60034:
Motors
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CEM 2023
CAISEMS: EMDS Group of IEC / ISO
1. Standards
CAISEMS: Coordination and Alignment of IEC & ISO Standards for Energy Efficient Electric
Motor Driven System (EMDS);
1) To develop a basic or a group of standard(s), according to the rules stated in IEC Guides 118
and 119, for the benefit of better aligned electric power driven systems that can be more
energy efficient and more cost effective
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CEM 2023
The System Approach: Motors Drive Mechanical Loads
Mechanical
Mechanical
Work with and not

fight with our
mechanical friends Mechanical
Mechanical
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CEM 2023
The System Approach: Electric Motor Driven
1. System (EMDS)
Energy efficiency projects for induction motors / drives must be system approach
involving:
1) Adjustable speed drive;
2) Power quality reactors;
3) Inductor motor; and
4) The driven equipment and mechanical loads such as gear train, shaft,
pump; EMDS
5) Electrical installations: distribution transformer, cabling, accessories, etc..,
IEC 61800 series: IEC 60076
ASD system
IEC 60076
IEC 60076 series IEC 60034 series

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CEM 2023
Types of Induction Motor Included in EE Program,
1. Malaysia
Characteristics:
1) Three phase;
2) Squirrel cage; and
3) Duty cycle S1 (Continuous
duty)
Duty type: S1
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CEM 2023
Duty Types (S1 to S10) of Induction
1. Motor
Only duty type S1 (Continuous running) induction motors are included in energy efficient
program:
Most common application
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CEM 2023
Duty Types (S1 to S10) of Induction
Motor
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CEM 2023
Operating Parameters
1. Operating range; Most induction motors are designed to operate at 50% to 100% and occasionally
up to 115% (Service factor) overloading of rated full load;
2. Maximum efficiency: Usually near 75% of rated full load:
1)Induction motor efficiency tends to decrease dramatically n operate below 50% full load
3. Power factor: Fairly constant when operated above 50% full load;
4. Note 1: Claim: More than 50% of induction motors are oversized and operate less than 50%
full load
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CEM 2023
Efficiency Versus % Full Load
50%
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CEM 2023
Power factor Versus % Full Load
PF operating range
PF relatively
constant at load >
75%
50% 100%
94
CEM 2023
Efficiency and Power Factor Versus %
FullMaximum
Loadefficiency
usually @ 75% rated
full load
50% 100%
95
CEM 2023
Energy Efficient Methodologies
1. Remedying design and selection errors: Replacing oversized
2. motors; IE (International Efficiency) motors; Use IE motors;
3. Adjustable speed drives system (ASD) or variablespeed drives
system (VSD) or VFD (USA):
1) ASD (Variable speed drives) = Malaysia;
2) VFD (Variable frequency drives) = USA
(NEMA);
3) Notes 1: Do not forget reactors
4. Motor and drives management strategies: that maintain loads within an acceptable
5. range; Best practices: Life cycle approach:
1) Design, installation, operation, maintenance, periodic inspection and
testing, services and repair (Including rewinding)
6. Combinationof above: Such as ASD – IE motor with load
management
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CEM 2023
IE (International Efficiency) Motors
Malaysia:
> IE2
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CEM 2023
IE Motors: Different Motor Efficiency
Standards
USA
Brazil
China
China
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CEM 2023
IE Motors Efficiency Classes
1. Standards: IEC 60034 – 30 – 1;
2. Efficiency classes:
1) IE1: Standard efficiency;
2) IE2: High efficiency;
3) IE3: Premium efficiency;
4) IE4: Supper Premium efficiency;
5) IE5: Ultra Premium efficiency
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CEM 2023
IEC 1 to IE5 Motors
1. IE5 motors: Commercialised since 2017
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CEM 2023
IE1 – IE4: Minimum Energy Efficiency
101
CEM 2023
IE1 – IE4: Minimum Energy Efficiency
102
CEM 2023
IE Motors: General Specifications
1. Standard: IEC 60034 – 30 – 1; Nos. of Rotation (rpm)
poles 50 Hz 60 Hz
2. Power: 0.75 kW to 375 kW;
3. Speed: Single speed;
2 3,000 3,600
4. Phase: Single and three phase; 4 1,500 1,800
5. Frequency: 50/60 Hz; 6 1,000 1.200
6. Duty: S1 (Continuous); 8 750 900
10 600 720
7. Pole: 2, 4, 6, 8;
12 500 600
8. Nominal voltage: Up to 1,000 Vac 50 Hz / 60 Hz (Electrical installations to IEC 60364 / IEC
60038);
9. Ambient temperature: – 20oC to + 60oC;

10. Altitude: Up to 4,000 m above sea level
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CEM 2023
IE Motors: Exclusion
1. Speed and poles: Single-speed motors with 10 or more poles;
2. Non S1 duty cycle operation: Such as lift and escalator motors;
3. Multi speeds: All multi-speed motors;
4. Motors that are completely integrated into a machine: Such as a pump, fan and compressor, and
frequency-converters that cannot be tested for its efficiency individually shall be excluded from the
IE standard:
1) This does not exclude replacing the existing motor with higher classification IE motors
5. Brake motors: Which is an integral part of the inner motor construction, cannot be removed nor
supplied by a separate power source during the test shall be excluded; and
6. Special application: Submersible motors and smoke extraction motors with a temperature class
above 400oC
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CEM 2023
EFF (Efficiency)
1. EFF: Developed by European Committee of Manufacturers of Electrical Machines and Power
Electronics (CEMEP):
1) Developed by European Committee of Electrical Machines and Power
Manufacturers of
Electronics (CEMEP in year 1998);
2) EFF was discontinued in 16th June 2011 and replaced
by IE
2. Standards:
1) EFF: IEC 60034 – 2 – 1: 1996;
2) IE: IEC 60034 – 2 – 1: 2014
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CEM 2023
IE and EEF
3. Major differences: Determination of stray load loss;
1) EFF: The stray load loss is assumed to be 0.5% of the total power output;
2) IE: The stay load loss is determined by indirect measurement;;
3) Note: The actual stray load loss is usually higher than 0.5% of the total
power output, especially for motors of lower power:
a) The energy efficiency of the motors with lower power were overestimated
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CEM 2023
IE Motors: IE and EFF Alignment
107
CEM 2023
IE Motors and EFF Motors Comparison
108
CEM 2023
Opportunities for Specifying and / or Selecting
1. IEprojects:
New Motors New installations, projects and upgrading work;
2. Modification: Major modifications are made to existing facilities or processes;
3. OEM: All new purchases of original equipment manufacturer (OEM) products that contain electric
motors;
4. Failed motors: As economically justified replacements for failed standard efficiency or
energy efficient general purpose motors that would otherwise be rewound;
5. Oversized motors: Replace oversized and under – loaded motors (consider downsizing when a motor
is operating at less than 50% of its rated full load;
6. Energy efficiency policy: When accelerated standard efficiency motor replacement is part of an
energy management plan or preventive maintenance program;
7. Governmental policy, incentive, etc..: When governmental conservation programs,
rebates, or
incentives are offered that make premium efficiency motor retrofits immediately cost-
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effective
CEM 2023
Variable Speed Drives (VSD) Systems
1. VSD systems: Consists of:
1) A three-phase AC induction motor (1);
2) A variable frequency power supply or drive (VFD) (2);
3) Power quality compliance components: Line reactor (3a) and load reactor(3b); and
4) VSD or EMC cables (4)
3a 3b 1
4
2
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CEM 2023
Applying VFD to Motors: Factors to
1. Consider
Reduced cooling of motor at reduced speed:
1) Shaft driven cooling fan: Most motors running with internal, shaft-driven fan for cooling;
When the motor is operated with a VFD, the motor shaft speed (motor speed) decreases will
cause decreased cooling from the shaft-driven fan and increase heating;
2) Variable torque loads: Such as fan or pump, where load on the motor decreases exponentially
with speed, additional cooling may not be needed;
3) Constant torque: Such as reciprocating compressor or pump, mill, or extruder, the same load
will remain on the motor as the speed is reduced, and the motor will overheat:
a) Additional cooling: Adding an external blower or auxiliary fan to provide sufficient
cooling for the motor to operate below rated speed by ensuring enough air moves over
the windings to keep them cool when the internal fan is insufficient
111
CEM 2023
Applying VFD to Motors: Factors to Consider
5) Built – in temperature sensor: If the motor has built-in temperature sensors in its windings,
such as PTC, then these can be used to monitor the temperature and ensure that the VFD and
reduced speed operation are not causing motor insulation damage;
6) Speed range: Motor designed to operate on VFD at certain speed ratios: Check speed ratio,
Over temperature effects:

Insulation (Motor) life in half
by ever 10oC rise in
temperature above permitted
max. allowable continuous
temperature
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CEM 2023
2. Consider
Increased heating by VFD harmonics: All VFDs produce some harmonics which result in additional
heating in cable and/or motors:
1) “Harmonic clean VFD”: Which produces harmonically acceptableoutput wave forms;
2) Derating: Check with VSD suppliers on whether to derate / replace motor and/or cable
3. Motor voltage:
1) VFD – motor matching: VFD output voltages are available to match almost any existing
motor voltage;
2) Matching with isolation transformers: If necessary, use a matching isolation transformer:
a) Transformer losses: Must take into account in energy efficient cost analysis
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CEM 2023
4. Consider
Motor frequency:
1) Advantage: The output frequencies of VFD can match any motor rated frequency;
2) 60 Hz motor operated at 50 Hz: Since the VFD controls the motor speed and frequency, this
allow a motor rated for one power system, 60 hertz (Hz), for example, to be operated
effectively and at full rating on a 50 Hz power system
5. Motor Speed:
1) Bearing:: Motor bearings may depend on speed for lubrication:
a) Antifrictionbearings are well suited for variable speed operation;
b) Sleeve bearings may need special attention to ensure they will be lubricated correctly as
the motor operates at lower speeds
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CEM 2023
2) Consider
Shaft resonance:
a) Constant speed: Resonance is not important consideration because the motor never
operates there;
b) Variable speed: Must avoid running the motor at a speed near its resonance;
c) Resonance skip function: Most VFDs have the capability to "skip" or not run at certain
frequencies to avoid these resonance areas
6. Inverter or VFD duty cabling: Special insulation is required to protect the motor from inverter type
switching frequency voltage spikes;
7. Shaft earthing: Grounding the shaft utilizing shaft grounding brush/ring assemblies to prevent the
flow of shaft circulating currents that develop from a VFD:
1) These circulating currents will cause early bearing failure from arcing damage inside the races
and balls of the bearing design - Electrical
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fluting
CEM 2023
8. Consider
Over speeding of driven mechanical systems:
1) Centrifugal force: Over speeding motors with VFD may result in a variety of motor related
mechanical problems where increased vibration can cascade into such as accelerated bearing
wear and general balancing issues;
2) Note: Standard motors are designed to run up to 25% above their rated speed, and as long as
the current draw is under the motor’s full load amp rating, there should not be a problem:
a) If a motor is over sped beyond its full load amp rating, it can lose available torque at the
motor shaft resulting in a stalled motor condition, which generally is not damaging to
the motor but can sure be annoying
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CEM 2023
Line or Input Reactors and Load or Output
1. Reactors
Additional energy losses:
1) Line and load reactors are series protective devices – thus incur significant energy
losses
Line reactor: VFD
As close to
ASD as possible
Load reactor:
As close to
ASD as possible
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CEM 2023
Line or Input Reactors: Functions
1. Placement of line or input reactor: Must be placed as near to ASD as possible;
2. Attenuate incoming or utility power line disturbances: Un - attenuated power line disturbances may
cause:
1) Nuisance tripping: of ASD;
2) Damage: of ASD
3. Reduce harmonics: Reduce harmonics generated by the ASD back feed into the utility
4. supply; Improving ASD power factor (PF): ASD have poor power factor, typically 60% to
5. 65%; Others:
1) Short circuit current limiting: Where the supply line power is very stiff with capacity much
higher (10 times greater kVA rating) than the connected ASD system
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CEM 2023
Load or Output Reactors: Functions
1. Placement of load or output reactor: Must be placed as near to ASD as possible;
2. Attenuate reflected wave of long cable: Un – attenuate reflected wave may damage the motor:
1) The ASD generates a high frequency PWM three – phase output and noise spikes on the
leading edge of these PWM signals. These noise spikes are amplified due to the long cable
lengths and additional capacitance of the cable. The resulting noise voltage can exceed the
motor’s peak voltage rating where insulation breakdown occurs
119
CEM 2023
Motor Cable Length (Distance Between ASD
1. andmotors:
Special Motor)
Such as NEMA MG – 1 Part 31 motor: Load reactor should be used if motor cable
lead length > 90 m;
2. Rule of thumb: Load reactor should be used if the motor lead length > 30 m;
3. Mandatory: Load reactor is mandatory if motor lead length > 90 m;
4. Extreme lead length: If the lead length is between 150 m and 300 m, should use a special type of
dV/dT filter which provides better protection at these extreme lead lengths;
5. Cables: Shielding, power conditions, and noise suppression as well as isolation techniques
120
CEM 2023
Common Causes of EMDS Failures
121
CEM 2023
Rewinding Induction Motors
1. “Benefits”:
1) Large motors: Motors rated > 37 kW (50 hp) tend to be repaired when they
fail because the cost of repair is generally less than 60% of the cost of purchasing a new IE2
or better motors;
2. 2) Unlimited
How to repairs: Motor
stop rewinding?: usually can
Government or be repaired
utility an unlimited
– sponsored numberand
education of times
financial incentives
encourage old standard efficiency motors are not repaired and returned to the plant floor;
3. Loss of efficiency:
1) Rewinding may cause loss of efficiency and the decrease of efficiency depends
on the techniques, processes and skill used to perform the rewind;
2) Loss of efficiency typically are between 1 and 2%.
122
CEM 2023
Rewinding: Factors Causing Loss of
1. Efficiency
Mechanical damage to the core causes increased hysteresis losses: Hammering stator teeth back into
place after stripping will result in increasedhysteresis locally as a result of the residual stress;
2. Eddy current losses: Increase if the insulation between adjacent laminations are damaged by such as
1) Burring lamination together by filing or 2) By accidental impact;
3. Thermal damage: Thermal damage of the oxide or varnish insulation between the laminations causes
increased iron losses;
4. Flux density: Most motors are designed to run with flux densities in the stator and rotor core just
over the knee of the magnetisation curve. If the winding characteristics are changed after rewind, for
example if the number of turns are reduced, the flux density and hence the loss will increase
123
CEM 2023
Rewinding: Factors Causing Loss of
5. Efficiency
Copper loss:
1) Stator copper loss is the largest loss (at full load) in most induction motors;
2) The winding pattern may be changed during rewinding to simplify the process, and in doing so
the repairermust consider the effect on flux density and resistance
6. Mechanical losses:
1) The concentricity of rotor and stator is very important;
2) It is common practice to metal spray shafts or bearing housings which have been damaged in
service. This is acceptable only if special care is taken to preserve concentricity – errors which
result in a minimum to maximum gap ratio greater than 1:1.25 will adversely affect efficiency
124
CEM 2023
Preventive Maintenance
1. Preventive maintenance: Motors need maintenance regularly in order to avoid failure and prolong
their lifespan and energy efficiency:
1) Rule of thumb: Generally, motor should be maintained and tested at least every 6 months
125
CEM 2023
Distribution (Power) Transformers (DT)
126
CEM 2023
Why No Interests in DT Efficiency Programs
Why no interests:
1. T’formers are
very
energy efficient;
2. Lots of work with
“little” EE
benefits;
3. New project
opportunities
only
127
CEM 2023
Countries Without T’former Energy Efficiency
Programs (Blue)
128
CEM 2023
DT: Very Energy Efficient Electrical Equipment
129
CEM 2023
Maximum Energy Efficiency: Constant Losses =
Variable Losses
Maximum efficiency, η:
Constant losses = Variables losses
130
CEM 2023
All Day Efficiency
1. DT is energized for 24 hours, but for major portion of the day, it delivers very light loads:
1) Iron losses (Constant losses) take place for the whole day but copper losses (Variable losses)
take place only when the DT is loaded;
2) Hence, the performance of DT cannot be judged by nameplate efficiency but by special type of
DT efficiency known as all-day efficiency;
2. All day efficiency: Ratio of output energy (kWh) to input energy (kWh) for twenty-four hours:
1) To find all day efficiency of DT, we have to know the load cycle of the DT
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CEM 2023
Energy Efficient Appliances, Office and ICT

Equipment
132
CEM 2023
MEPS: Energy Efficient Appliances,
1. Malaysia
MEPS appliances (Malaysia): Nine (9) gazetted MEPS appliances:
1) Air Conditioner;
2) Refrigerator;
3) Domestic Fan: MS 2574:2014;
4) Lamps: MS 2598:2014;
5) Television;
6) Washing Machine;
7) Microwave Oven;
8) Electric Rice Cooker;
9) Freezer;
10) Dryer, instant water heater, etc., (Future)
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CEM 2023
Energy Star
1. Energy efficiency label: All gazetted appliances shall be affixed with energy efficiency
label:
1) “Standard energy efficiency” appliances: No energy star or 1
star;
2) Energy efficiency: From 2 star to 5 star;
3) MEPS, Malaysia > 2 star
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CEM 2023
Lighting: Useful Power: Quality Versus
Quantity
Quantity Quality
50 lm/W 56 lm/W
𝑬𝒐 𝟓𝟔
𝑬𝒐 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎 % Relative efficacy = = 𝟖𝟎 %
= 𝑬𝒊 𝟕𝟎
= 160%
𝑬𝒊
Lower efficacy
𝟏𝟎𝟎 Higher efficacy
135
CEM 2023
Lighting: Incandescent Lamps – Notes 1: MEPS Not
1. Applicable
MEPS on incandescent lamp not applicable: MEPS value for incandescent lamp shall not apply for
the following:
1) Components in electrical appliances;
2) Medical and laboratory (and non – appliance) equipment;
3) Internal decoration, shows and exhibition;
4) Safety and signalling;
5) Conservationof animals and as repellent for insects;
6) Heating and testing;
7) Cleanliness and health;
8) Beauty treatment;
9) Lamps that cannot be directly replaced with other type of lamp; and
10) Incandescent lamp for other purposes deemed suitable by the Commission to be excluded 136
CEM 2023
Office Building: Electrical Energy
1. Consumption
Office equipment: Energy consumption could be more than energy consumption of
lighting
137
CEM 2023
Office and ICT Equipment: Energy
Consumption
Heater
Heater
138
CEM 2023
Typical Office Equipment Energy
Consumption
Heater
Heater
139
CEM 2023
Typical Office Equipment Loads
140
CEM 2023
Office Equipment: Energy Efficient Tips
1. Turn off at off office hours (Lunch breaks, etc.), weekends and public holidays:
1) If unable to switch off completely, turn off something or hibernate such as monitor & printer
2. Energy star and/or better energy consuming office equipment: Buy:
1) Energy star PCs, monitors, printers, etc.., with auto power power-saving mode when not in
use;
2) Laptop computers instead of desktop computers which consume 90 percent less energy;
3) Ink jet printer consumes 90 percent less energy laser printer
3. Vending machine, water dispenser, etc..,: Where possible reduce the holding temperature for hot
water, and increaseit for chilled water:
1) Don't run refrigerated vending machines or dispensercolder or hotter than they need to be
141
CEM 2023
Office Equipment: Energy Efficient Tips
4. Printers and photocopies:
1) Network printers and photocopiers: People don’t feel as much responsibility for them as they
do their own computers:
a) Install the printer and photocopiers in a locked person
room and appoint one responsible for switching off for non office hours
2) Energy star printers and photocopiers with energy saving or hibernation modes;
3) Human being: Minimise printing;
4) PIN controlled technology: Monitoring the amount of printing
5. Smart office equipment / Good working habits / practices: Such
as:
1) Virtual meeting;
2) Home based working
142
CEM 2023
Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
1. 24 / 7 operation: Like distribution transformer, UPS incurred significant energy losses due to 24 / 7
operation;
2. UPS efficiency versus UPS technology:
143
CEM 2023
UPS: Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency

1. Energy efficient UPS:
1) Purchase the most energy efficient UPS within the budget
2. Upgrading legacy UPS:
1) Upgrading legacy UPS such as transformer isolated UPS to transformer – less modular UPS
can achieve an energy efficiency around 15% - 20%
3. Right sizing the UPS and backup size:
1) The efficiency of older technology such as transformer isolated UPS usually drop dramatically
as the loading is less than around 70% - 80%;
2) The efficiency of modular UPS may still high for loading as low as 25%
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CEM 2023
UPS: Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency

4. UPS battery replacement and/orrefurbishments:
1) UPS life: Properly operated & maintained UPS can have working life of 10 – 15 years or more;
2) UPS batteries: The most common consumables and are generally of lead acid type with 5 year
or 10-year design life, requiring replacement around 3 – 4 or 7 – 8 years respectively and when
used within a 20oC ambient environment and properly maintained;
3) UPS: UPS should be refurbished every 5 years including replacement of the AC and DC
capacitors can dry-out and their s self-healing characteristics are weakened
145
CEM 2023
Q & A and Quiz
Q&A
Quiz
146
CEM 2023
Lighting Systems
147
CEM 2023
Regulations
1. Department of Occupational Safety & Health (DOSH): Guidelines on Occupational Safety
for Lighting at Workplace 2018:
1) Primary mandatory minimum requirements
148
CEM 2023
Basic Types of Lighting

1. Ambient or general lighting (Most common): To illuminate an area uniformly;
2. Accent lighting: To highlight or focus an object using light;
3. Task lighting: To help users to achieve specific goals or task, that is task lighting focuses on the area
where the task will be performed; and
4. Special locations / applications: Such as hospital medical room lighting & tunnel lighting, etc.
Our focus
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CEM 2023
Our Focus: Ambient or General Lighting
Office Corridor
Factory / Warehouse
Supermarket Plant room 150

CEM 2023
Accent Lighting
151
CEM 2023
Task Lighting
Laboratory
Office
152
CEM 2023
Special locations / Applications

Tunnel guidance lighting
Operating theatre
Construction sits
153
CEM 2023
Lamps Lumens / Watts Comparison Chart
154
CEM 2023
Optimised Illumination to Accomplish the

1. Task
1) Effects: Inadequate
Requirements: lighting
Sufficient lighting to forces your the
accomplish eyestask without
to workstraining
overtimeyour
to make
eyes; sense of the
task, creating eye strain and headaches
2. Minimum illumination level: The following standards, COP are used in Malaysia provide minimum
illuminance (Lux) requirements for area / task:
1) DOSH: Guidelines on occupational safety and health for lighting at workplace 2018;
a) Mandatory by OSH and Factory and Machinery Acts and Regulations
2) JKR: Room illuminationlevel;
3) IES (Illuminating Engineering Society) standard illumination levels;
4) MS 1525: Energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non – residential
buildings
155
CEM 2023
CENTC 169: Levels of illumination as a function of task performed
156
CEM 2023
JKR: Room Illumination Level
157
CEM 2023
Optimised Illumination to Accomplish the Task

3) Other factors to consider: When selecting a certain level of illumination for a particular area /
work station the following factors should be considered:
a) Regulatory requirements;
b) The nature of the work;
c) Reflectance of the object and of the immediate surroundings;
d) Differences with natural light and the need for daytime illumination;
e) The worker’s age;
f) Uniformity of illumination;
g) Colour of light;
h) Shadows;
i) Shadows;
j) Glare; 158
CEM 2023
Optimised Illumination to Accomplish the

Task
k) Mounting height;
l) Spacing of luminaries;
m) Colour of surrounding walls;
n) Type of light fitting & lamps;
o) Energy efficiency: Quality
159
CEM 2023
Observing an Object
1. Observing an object: The luminance of an object, of its surroundings, and of the work area influence
the ease with which an object is seen;
2. Observing the size of the object: Depending on the distance and the angle of vision of the observer;
3. Arrangement of the work station, classifying different zones according to their ease of vision:
1) Can establish five zones in the work area
160
CEM 2023
DOSH Recommended Precautionary Procedure

1. Purpose: Precautionary steps to be taken to obtain accurate lighting measurements:
1) Incoming voltage to lighting installations: Should be checked to ensure
that it is at an appropriate level;
2) Warm – up: Lamps: The lamps under test in the installation should be lit for a period of time
to allow them to reach a stable condition before measurement is taken;
3) Warm – up: Lux meter: The lux meter should be exposed to the lighting for at least 3 - 5
minutes to allow it to reach equilibrium;
a) The zero reading of the lux meter should be checked and adjusted as necessary
2. Two (2) types of lighting measurements:
1) General lighting – General or common area; and
2) Task or specific activity at workstation area
3. DOSH guidelines on lighting: Refer for details 161
CEM 2023
Power Quality
162
CEM 2023
DT: Energy Losses and High Capital Cost Caused
by Poor PF
1,000 kW load with pf = 1.00  1,000/1.00 = 1,000
kVA
1,000 kW load with pf = 0.85  1,000/0.85 = 1,176

kVA
1,000 kW load with pf = 0.50 1,000/0.50 = 2,000 kVA


163
CEM 2023
Cables: Energy Losses Caused by Poor
PF PF = 1.0: ∆P1.0
I1.0 = k / 1.0 = k;
P = _/3 V x I x PF  ∆V1.0 = I1.0 x Z; and
Line current = I = P / (_/3 V x PF) = k / PF;
∆P1.0 = I1.0 x I1.0 x R
Voltage drop across cable = ∆V = I x Z; and
PF = 0.85: ∆P0.85 = 1.383 x ∆P1.0
Power loss in cable = ∆P = I x I = I2R
I0.85 = k / 0.85 = 1.176 x k = 1.176 x I1.0;
∆V0.85 = I0.85 x Z = 1.176 x I1.0 x Z = 1.176 ∆V1.0; and
∆P0.85 = I0.85 x I0.85 x R = 1.383 x I1.0 x I1.0 x R = 1.383 ∆P1.0
PF = 0.50: ∆P0.50 = 4 x ∆P1.0 I0.50
= k / 0.50 = 2 x k = 2 x I1.0 ;
∆V0.50 = I0.50 x Z = 2 x I1.0 x Z = 164

CEM 2023
Point and Direction of Energy
1. Defines Efficiency
the beneficiary of(POEE)
the energy efficiency saving by power factor
improvement:
Reduced voltage drop in cable:
may be significant
Energy saving:
Upstream: Cable only
NOT motor
POEE:
Power factor
correction
No energy saving:
Downstream:
motor
165
CEM 2023
Point and Direction of Energy
Efficiency
Energy (POEE)
saving ??: YES Energy saving ??: NO
POEE:
Power factor
correction
166
CEM 2023
Displacement PF:
Displacement and Distortion PF
Without harmonics
IR IL IC Ih Distortion PF;
With harmonics
Ih
+kVAR: -kVAR:
Load: kW Harmonics
Inductive Capacitive
𝐏 +𝐣𝐐𝐋 −𝐣𝐐𝐂 kD
167
CEM 2023
PF Correction or Improvement
(Compensation)
IR IL IC Ih
Compensati on:
Compensation: Compensation: Compensation: Harmonic
Ih filter
Not required PFC capacitor Inductive load
Load: kW +kVAR: -kVAR: Harmonics

Inductive Capacitive
𝐏 +𝐣𝐐𝐋 −𝐣𝐐𝐂 kD
168
CEM 2023
“Ideal” PF Correction or Improvement (Compensation)
1. Displacement PF: 95% – 98% lagging

2. Harmonic distortion: THDi < 5%
169
CEM 2023
PF Compensation Methods
1. Lagging PF: Add PFC capacitors + reactors:

1) Target: PF > 95% to < 98% lagging
2. Leading PF: Add inductive loads such as air – conditioner:
1) Target: PF > 95% to < 98% lagging
3. Harmonics Distortion: Add harmonic filters:
1) Target: THDi < 5%
170
CEM 2023
PFC (Lagging) with PFC Capacitors: Major
Components
6. Harmonic filters 5. pf regulator
4. Protective devices: Fuses preferred
3. Contactors
2. Reactors (Harmonics -resonance)
1. PFC capacitors
171
CEM 2023
PFC (Lagging) with PFC Capacitors: Major
Components
5. PF regulator
4. protective devices
3. Contactors
2. Reactors
1. PF capacitors
172
CEM 2023
Average PF of Buildings at PCC (Point of Common
Coupling)
173
CEM 2023
Average PF of Equipment
174
CEM 2023
Average PF of Equipment
175
CEM 2023
Global or Centralised, Sectorial and Individual PF
Compensation
Sectorial compensation:
Global or centralized compensation:
PFC capacitor bank at SSB / MCC
PFC capacitor bank at MSB
176
CEM 2023
Voltage Variations
1. Permitted nominal voltage variation (Single and three
phases):
1) IEC 60038: IEC standard voltages – Series I: + 10% of 230/400
Vac;
2) Malaysia: +10%, – 6% of 230/400Vac
2. Three (3) categories of appliances:
1) Resistive– Waterheater, conventional oven:
a) With thermostat: Negligibleincrease of power consumption as voltage increases;
b) Without thermostat: 10% increase in voltage causes approximately 21% increase in
energy consumption
2) Inductive – Inductive cooker, refrigerators and air conditioner (Compressormotors); and
a) With thermostat: Negligibleincrease of power consumption as voltage increases;
b) Without thermostat: 10% increase in voltage causes between 3% - 12% increase in
energy consumption
177
CEM 2023
Voltage Variation: Single Phase
3) Electronic– TV, home theatre, computers, charges:
a) Switched mode power supply: Variation of power consumption directly proportional to
the voltage
178
CEM 2023
1)
Voltage Unbalance or Imbalance
2)
1. Categories:
2) 1)
1) Voltage magnitude unbalance;
2) Voltage (phase) angle unbalance; and
3) Voltage magnitude and angle unbalance (Combination of 1) and 2)
2)
2. Major causes: 1)
1) Electricity source voltage (either public grid or own generation) which is not balanced;
2) The unequal impedance of a three-phase distribution system;
3) Unbalanced loading of power factor correction capacitors such as a blown fuse in one
phase;
4) Uneven distribution of single-phase loads;
5) The load is unbalanced even though it is connected in three phases;
6) Incorrect transformertapping
179
CEM 2023
Voltage Unbalance or Imbalance: Effects on
1. Induction Motors
Extra power loss;
2. Motor and VSD failure;
3. Life cycle decrease;
4. Protective relay malfunction;
5. Inaccurate measurement;
6. Transformer failure
Maximum voltage unbalance:

ANSI: < 3% measured at utility meter at no
load; IEC 61000 – 2 – 2: < 2%
180
CEM 2023
1. Definitions
IEC Definition: IEC 61000 – 2 – 2: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2 – 2: Environment
– Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in public low-voltage
power supply systems:
1) Definition: Voltage unbalancefactor (VUF) or %VUF;
2) Complex mathematics: Use of sequence components Vp and Vn poses some practical
difficulties due to the associated complex algebra and the need to track both the voltage
magnitudes and phase angles for each phase
3) Measurement problem: Inability to directly measure the sequence components using installed
RMS meters as they provide no information about the relative phase angles of the voltages
4) Low and medium voltage systems: % unbalance or %VUF < 2%
181
CEM 2023
2. NEMA Definition:
1) NEMA MG – 1 and ANSI C84.1
2) Line Voltage Unbalance Rate (LVUR);
3) LVUR < 3%
4) Simplest method
3. IEEE 1159 & IEEE 141 – 1993:
1) Phase Voltage Unbalance Rate (PVUR);
2) PVUR < 2%;
3) Not commonly adopted
182
CEM 2023
IEC 61000 – 2 – 2: Voltage Unbalance
1. Factor
Definition: (VUF)
Voltage Unbalance Factor
(VUF):
Va, Vb and Vc = r, Vy and Vb = Unbalanced line to Earth voltage phasors, V;

Vp = Positive sequence voltage phasors, V;
Vn = Negative sequence voltage phasors, V;
A = 1/_ 120o
183
CEM 2023
NEMA: Line Voltage Unbalance
1. Definition:Rate (LVUR)
Line Voltage Unbalance Rate
(LVUR):
Vab, Vbc and Vca = Line – to – line voltage
2. Example:
Uline (V)
184
CEM 2023
IEEE: Phase Voltage Unbalance
1. Definition:Rate (PVUR)
Phase Voltage Unbalance Rate
(PVUR):
Va, Vb and Vc = Phase voltage
185
CEM 2023
Voltage Unbalance or Imbalance:
1. Utilities: Mitigation
1) Redistribution of single-phase loads equally to all phases;
2) Reduction of the system unbalance that arise due to system impedance such as those due to
transformers and lines;
3) Single-phase regulators have been suggested as devices that can be used to correct the
unbalance but care must be exercised to ensure that they are controlled carefully not to
introduce further unbalance;
4) Passive network systems and active power electronic systems such as static var compensator
and line conditioners also have been suggested for unbalance correction. Compared to passive
systems, active systems are able to dynamically correct the unbalance
186
CEM 2023
Voltage Unbalance or Imbalance:
2. Mitigation
Electrical Installations:
1) Load balancing;
2) Use of passive
networks and
static var
compensator;
3) Equipment that is sensitive to voltage unbalance should not be connected to systems which
supply single-phase loads;
4) Effect of voltage unbalance on ac variable speed drives can be reduced by properly sizing ac
side and dc link reactors
187
CEM 2023
Neutral Currents
1. Unbalanced distributionof loads:
1) Single-phaseloads but the main feeders to the building are three phase;
2) Adding loads on one phase only causing unbalanced distribution of
loads
2. Zero sequence or triplens harmonics:
188
CEM 2023
Neutral Currents
3. Mitigations:
1) Full size neutral conductor: CSA of neutral conductor = CSA of live
conductors;
2) Load balancing: Schedule the loads to balance them on the 3 phase;
189
CEM 2023
IEC 61557 – 12: Energy Metering and Monitoring

Devices (PMD)
190
CEM 2023
Standards
1. IEC 62053: Electricity metering equipment – Particularrequirements:
1) Example (AC): IEC 62053 – 21: Electricity metering equipment – Particular requirements -
Part 21: Static meters for AC active energy (classes 0.5, 1 and 2) – Malaysia (Classes 1 & 2);
2) Example (AC): IEC 62053 – 23: Electricity metering equipment – Particular
requirements - Part 21: Static meters for AC reactive energy (classes 0.5, 1 and 2) – Malaysia
Classes 2 & 3);
3) Example (DC) IEC 62053 – 41: Electricity metering equipment – Particular requirements –
Part 41: Static meters for DC energy (classes 0.5 and 1);
4) Revenue or billing metering
2. IEC 61557 – 12: Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1 000 V AC and 1 500 V
metering and monitoring
DC – Equipment devices
for testing, (PMD): or monitoring
measuring of protective
Primary standard (PMD): measures – Part 12: Power
Energy efficiency measurement
1) Energy management
191
CEM 2023
Parameters Measured and Classifications
1. Electrical parameters measured:
1) Active energy: Classes are equivalent to the classes defined in IEC 62053 – 21 and IEC 62053 –
22:
2) Reactive energy: Classes are equivalent to the classes defined in IEC 62053 – 23;
3) Apparent energy;
4) Active, reactive and apparent power;
5) Frequency;
6) r.m.s. phase and neutral current;
7) r.m.s. voltage;
8) Power factor,
9) Voltage dip and swell;
192
CEM 2023
Parameters Measured and Classifications
10) Voltage interruption;
11) Voltage unbalance;
12) Harmonic voltage and distortion
2. Classifications: Three (3) categories of PMD depending on the application
needs:
1) PMD – I: Used in very basic applications, including basic Energy Efficiency
applications;
2) PMD – II; used in basic power monitoring applications and advanced Energy
Efficiency applications;
3) PMD – III: used in advanced power monitoring applications and for network performance
193
CEM 2023
PMD Functions and Classifications
194
CEM 2023
PMD Functions and Classifications
195
CEM 2023
Identification
196
CEM 2023
Accuracy Classes
1. Classes 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1: The limiting error shall not exceed the value tabulated below at rated
frequency and burden from 25% to 100% of the rated burden and PF = 1.0:
2. Classes 3 and 5: The limiting error shall not exceed the value tabulated below at rated frequency and
burden from 50% to 100% of the rated burden and PF = 1.0:
1) Phase displacement error is not defined for these accuracy classes
197
CEM 2023
Accuracy Classes
1. Special Classes 0.2S and 0.5S: The limiting error shall not exceed the value tabulated below at rated
frequency and burden from 25% to 100% of the rated burden @ PF = 1.0
198
CEM 2023
Performance Class of PMD with External
Current Sensors
199
CEM 2023
Performance Class of PMD with External
Current Sensors
200
CEM 2023
Measuring Methods: Blondel’s Theorem
1. Blondel’s Theorem: Need one less element (N – 1) in your watthour meter than the number of wires
(N) in the service to accurately meter the electrical installations;
2. A watthour meter stator or element: Consists of:
1) One current coil; and
2) One voltage coil
201
CEM 2023
Measuring Methods (Potential Connections
1. Not and
Number Shown)
positions of current transformer (CT): The number of current transformers and their
measurement positions depend on the type of electrical installation wiring system:
Single phase:
Two – wire system Single phase (USA):
Three– wire system
202
CEM 2023
Measuring Methods (Potential Connections
Not Shown)
Three phase: Three phase:

Three – wire (Delta) system Three – wire (Star) system
203
CEM 2023
End of Lecture
Q&A
Quiz
204

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ENERGY MANAGER TRAINING COURSE (EMTC)

Primary Regulations Primary Regulations Primary Acts and Regulations

Lighting requirements at workplace

1) Lighting at workplace requirements: DOSH Guidelines on Occupational Safety for Lighting at

1) Light fittings or similar: Can retrofit or specified subject to compliance

Ignorance of law excuses no one

EMEER 2008 / MS 1525 Standards:

Non Electrical Electrical

Standards / Legal Requirements:

Hazardous ac voltage / current (50/60 Hazardous dc voltage / current:

All final circuits

Wet areas, special

3. Electrical grade safety helmet (Hat)

5. Ear plug / ear muff

1. Qualified and certified electrical competent person

6. Electrical safety apparel

4. Dielectric safety eyewear

8. Insulated floor or floor mat 20

1) EU: EN 397: Tested to 1,200V – Suitable for use up to

2) USA: ANSI Z89.1: Table

B Up to 20, 000 Vac 20, 000 Vac

C No electrical insulation / protection N/A

Class (1986) Class (1997) Remark

Registered Competent Person:

Obtain: Permit to work

Organise: Site work team: Must include ST registered electrical competent

2) Intended to be used indoors and/or outdoor

2. IEC 62053 – 21 / 22 / 24: Electricity metering equipment (AC) – Particularrequirements:

1) Revenue or billing application;

Our main discussion:

Around 80% of energy life Around 20% - 30% of

3) (M & E): HVAC (Including domestic air – conditioners); and

4) (E): Refrigerators (Including cold rooms, freezers and similar) (24/7)

2. 24/7 operating electrical equipment and systems, and

2) (E): Cables; and

3) (E): Power quality such as power factor and

1) Public supply: 3% / 5% for lighting /small power circuits

Energy star label

𝐕 = 𝐈𝐑 + 𝐈𝐗𝐋 + 𝐈𝐗𝐂 + 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 + 𝐎𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐬

Capacitive losses are 1. Mechanical: Poor Ventilation,

1) An industrial process requires constant 150 kW electrical power to

3) Calculate the energy efficiency of the process improvement

1) Existing process: kWh = 150 x 60/60 = 150 kWh;

2) Improved process: kWh = 150 x 45/60 = 112.5 kWh;

3) Energy efficiency: (150 – 112.5) = 37.5 kWh = 37.5/150 =

c) Mission critical equipment and room such as security

Energy conversion Energy conservation Energy efficiency Renewable / Alternate

Electricity to mechanical: Turn off electrical equipment /

1) Turning off lights and air–conditioning when leaving a room;

2) Setting air conditioning at 26 Deg. C instead of 24 Deg. C;

3) Work from home ????;

4) Tariff and maximum demand management

1) Replacing fluorescent lamps with LED lamps;

2) Flow rate: Width of arrows is proportional to flow rate

ES: Stator output power transfer:

EM: Mechanical power developed:

Losses Losses Losses Losses Eo: (Shaft) or motor mechanical

1 2 3 4. All other losses

Other mechanical losses:

2. Radiant heating such as from solarand boiler;

3. Dust, rust, insulation;

4. Poor design, selectionof equipment and poor