9.

Transport in animal
 Analogies

The human circulatory system is like the highways

and streets of a large city
 main content
Blood vessel
Heart
Blood
Lymphatic vessel
 Circulatory system

• circulatory system as a system of

blood vessels with a pump and valves
to ensure one-way flow of blood

• What are the components of

circulatory system?
Explain the advantages of humans having a
double circulation.

Low pressure blood is delivered back to the heart,

Which raises its pressure again before sending it off
to the rest of the body.
 Major components/ elements
• Blood vessels (network of tubes)
– Arteries- carry blood away from heart
– Veins- carry blood back to the heart
– Capillaries- link Arteries with Veins
• Heart (pump)
– Continuously circulates blood
• Blood
– Fluid that fills the circulatory system
• Valve ( 阀，瓣膜）

-Keep one way flow

Circulatory System Anatomy - Heart, Arteries and Veins Anatomy,
vascular system
Blood vessels
 Artery (arteries)

• The elastic fibre allow the artery to stretch under

high pressure
• The thick muscle can contract to push the blood
along
• Lumen is narrow (keep the high blood pressure)
elastic

Three layers of tissue in artery walls

thick

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

 Capillary (capillaries)

• Smallest blood vessels

• The wall of a capillary is
only one cell thick – allow
efficient exchange
• Narrow lumen – blood
cell must pass through in
order (one by one)

Capillaries link Arteries with Veins

 Vein (veins)

• Lumen is wide(keep the low blood pressure)

• Veins have valves which act to stop the blood
from going in the wrong direction

Which direction
is right?

Veins carry blood towards the heart.

How valves work? Which can prevent backflow.

• Blood often must

flow against gravity
through the large
veins in your arms
and legs
• When you move, the
contracting skeletal
muscles squeeze the
veins, pushing blood
towards the heart
difference between three different types
of blood vessels See book P116
Which is fastest ?
 Types of Blood Vessels

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjNKbL_-cwA
Heart
• A typical adult has a
blood volume of
approximately 5 liters,
with females generally
having less blood
volume than males.
 A simple diagram of the heart structure
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiZIic767U4
 Heart structure

4 chambers

right left
MNEMONIC

上房下室，左右相反，房静室动，
Four great vessels of the heart

 Read the textbook in P108,which

show the vertical section through a heart.

 Please labelled correctly in the right

diagram .Aorta ,vena cava ,pulmonary
vein ,pulmonary artery .
 Muscular (cardiac muscle)
Left ventricle
The left ventricle must generate wall is thicker
enough pressure to pump blood all than the right
round the body
The right ventricle pumps blood a
much shorter distance to the lungs

The thickness of four chambers

Left ventricle and Right ventricle

Ventricle and atrium

How does the blood in heart move in only one
direction?

semilunar valve

Valves

Bicuspid valve
atrioventricular valve/AV valve
Tricuspid valve
Double circulation
• Divide into two groups

• Discuss about what are the route of pulmonary circulation and

systemic circulation.

• Which route is longer ,pulmonary or systemic?

• Why do ventricles have thicker walls than the atria?

• Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than

the right ventricle?

 What is the function of septum?

 T or F

• All arteries carry oxygen-rich blood.

• All veins carry oxygen-poor blood.
Double circulation:
pulmonary circulation +systemic circulation

Please watch the video, and think What are pulmonary circulation
and systemic circulation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=466zDaHIozU
9.1 Transport system in animal

• The main transport system of all mammals, including

human, is blood circulatory system which consistes
of blood vessels, heart( as pump) and valves.

Circulatory system in
mammals:
1. Double circulatory
2. One-way of blood flow
The blood travels through the heart twice on one
complete journey around the body.
9.3.1 blood vessels to and from
the heart, lungs, liver and kidney

pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein 1 2
aorta
vena cava
hepatic vein [hɪ'pætɪk] 肝静脉
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein 3 4
renal artery
renal vein
iliac vein/artery( 髂静脉 )(qia )
5

6 7
• All arteries, other than pulmonary artery, branch
from aorta. All the veins ,except pulmonary vein
and hepatic portal vein ,join up to vena cava.

• The liver has two blood vessels ,one is hepatic

artery ,which supplies oxygen. The other is
hepatic portal vein. The vein brings blood from
the digestive system.(P 117)
 A person’s pulse rate rises as they run a race.

(i) Explain why the pulse rate rises during the race.

(ii) Describe how you could measure the pulse

rate of a person.
how to monitor heart activity?

the activity of the heart may be

monitored by
•ECG(Electrocardiograph),
•pulse rate ( 脉搏率 )
•and listening to sounds of valves
closing
How to monitor the activity of the heart?

1:Pulse rate or heart beat

2:ECG

3:The sounds of valves

What is ECG

A test that recode the activity of the heart

ECG(Electrocardiograph)
stethoscope

Your heart normally beats at an even rate. With a

stethoscope, doctors and nurses can hear abnormal
heart sounds such as; irregular rate and other sounds
that might not be normal.
Coronary arteries and oxygen supply

Coronary arteries,
which branch from the
aorta and extend over
the surface of the
heart and penetrate
deep into the muscle
fibres to supply
oxygen and nutrients.
 coronary heart disease
• The function of
coronary:
provide oxygen and
nutrients for heart
muscle
• Blockage of the
coronary arteries is
called coronary
heart
disease （ CHD ） .

what happen to heart when

coronary heart disease?
Life-styled factors in CHD P110

1:Smoking

2:Blood cholesterol level

3:Age

4:Stress

5:High blood pressure

 Three ways in which coronary heart disease
may be treated

1 ： Including drug treatment with aspirin, which can reduce

the risk of blood clotting .

2 ： Surgery therapy(stents, and by-pass)

 The effect of physical activity on the heart
rate

• During exercise the heart rate [increases

or decrease]
to supply the muscles with more oxygen
and glucose → allow the muscles to
respire aerobically → they have sufficient
energy to contract

Regular exercise is important to keep the heart

muscle in good tone → heart is more efficient in
maintaining blood pressure and decrease the
risk of coronary heart disease and stroke.
How our heart pumps blood

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA0Wb3gc4mE
How the heart pump the blood (See p113)

Diastole: All muscles are relaxed. Blood flows into the heart.

Atrial systole: The muscles of the atrium contract.

Ventricle systole: The muscles of the atrium relax.

How hearts pumps blood
The first stage The second stage The third stage
Two ventricles

Two atria

Bicuspid/
Left AV valve
tricuspid/Right AV
valve
Semilunar valve
How hearts pumps blood
The first stage The second stage The third stage
Two ventricles systole diastole diastole

Two atria diastole diastole systole

Bicuspid/ close Open Open

Left AV valve
tricuspid/Right AV close Open Open
valve
Semilunar valve open close close
Which heart valves are open and which are closed when
blood passes out of the right ventricle towards the lungs?

• A. bicuspid (mitral) valve closed, tricuspid valve

open

• B. bicuspid (mitral) valve open, semi-lunar

valve closed

• C. tricuspid valve closed, semi-lunar valve open

• D. tricuspid valve open, bicuspid (mitral) valve

open
 9.4 Blood
• Identify red and white blood cells as seen under the light
microscope on prepared slides, and in diagrams and
photomicrographs
• List the components of blood
• State the functions of blood
• Describe the process of clotting (fibrinogen to fibrin only)
The Components of Blood and Their Importance

HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=I-
7AXAD-DJS
1. the components of blood
The components of blood:
•red blood cells,
•white blood cells and platelets
•and plasma
 blood cells
1. Functions of blood cells
•Red blood cells transport oxygen.
•White blood cells protect against disease.
•Blood platelets help the blood to clot.
2. The types of blood cells
•Red blood cells (erythrocytes [ɪ'rɪθrə(ʊ)saɪt])
•White blood cells (leukocytes): Phagocytes and lymphocytes
•Platelets ['pleɪtlɪt] (thrombocytes ['θrɒmbə(ʊ)saɪt])
 Red blood cells
•Made in the bone marrow of some bones. Produced at a very
fast rate – about 9000 million per hour!
•Transport O2 from lungs to all respiring tissues. Prepare CO2 for
transport from all rerspiring tissues to lungs.
•Contain haemoglobin (Hb), a red iron-containing protein
 Red blood cells
• Have no nucleus → can fit more Hb inside the cytoplasm, but
can lives only for about 4 months.
• Have a special biconcave disc shape or doughnut –shaped 
increases the surface area and makes the diffusion of oxygen
into & out of the cell easier.
• Small size-tiniest capillary-supply oxygen.
White blood cells (leukocytes)

• Made in the bone marrow and in the lymph nodes.

• Have a nucleus, often large and lobed.
• Can move around and squeeze out through the walls of blood
capillaries into all parts of the body.
• There are many different kinds of white blood cells. They all
have the function of fighting pathogens (disease-causing
bacteria and viruses) and to clear up any dead body cells in
your body:

• Phagocytes
• Lymphocytes:
 Phagocytes
• Have lobed nuclei .
• Can move out of capillaries to the site of an infection.
• Remove any microorganisms that invade the body and might
cause infection, engulf (ingest) and kill them
by digesting them.
The process of phagocytosis or how phagocyte engulf bacteria
 Lymphocytes

• Have large nuclei

• Responsible for immunity
• There are two different types of lymphocytes:
1) B lymphocytes:

2) T-lymphocytes attack foreign or infected cells

and kill them.
2. functions of blood
• Transportation oxygen, food nutrients, hormones, and
waste products （ CO2, urea) and heat energy.
• Defence against disease, by white blood cells
phagocytosis and production of antibodies.
• Supplying cells with glucose to respire and keep a
constant temperature.
Platelets (thrombocytes)

• Small fragments of cells, with no nucleus.

• Made in the red bone marrow.
• Involve in blood clotting: form blood clot,
which stop blood loss at a wound
and prevent the entry of bacteria into the
body.
3. photomicrographs of blood cells

中性白细胞
[,iə'sɪnəfɪl]
嗜酸性粒细胞

['beɪsə(ʊ)fɪl]
单核白细胞
嗜碱细胞
 4. Blood clotting

When an injury causes

a blood vessel wall to
break, platelets
are activated. They
change shape from
round to spiny, stick
to the broken vessel
wall and each other,
and begin to plug the
break.
the roles of blood clotting?
preventing blood loss and preventing the
entry of pathogens
The platelets also interact
with fibrinogen, a soluble plasma protein, to
form insoluble fibrin. Calcium is required for that.
How blood clots
VEDIO: How Does Blood Clot.mp4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--bZUeb83uU
1:Platelet stick together and to surface .
(act as plug)

2:Soluble fibrinogen turns into insoluble

fibrin.(act as glue)

3:clotting factors reinforce clot .such as

hemophilia, which don't include clotting
factors.
Video show
 9.3 lymph and tissue fluid
• Name the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs, liver and kidney
• Describe the structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries
• Explain how structure and function are related in arteries, veins and capillaries
• State the function of arterioles, venules and shunt vessels
• Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid
• Outline the lymphatic system in terms of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
• Describe the function of the lymphatic system in the circulation of body fluids and the
protection of the body from infection
9.3.3 lymphatic system
• Tissue fluid is a fluid surrounding the cells of a
tissue. It is leaked plasma - Plasma from the
blood capillaries move to the tissue through gaps
in the walls and become tissue fluid.

• the tissue fluid leaks back into the blood, and

becomes plasma again
• A little of it is absorbed by the lymphatic vessel and
becomes lymph.
 Tissue fluid

• FUNCTION
• 1:Supply cells with all their requirement. Include
oxygen,CO2,
• 2:Tissue fluid is the immediate environment of
every cell in your body ,maintaining homeostasis.
9.3.3 lymphatic system
 lymphatic system

The lymphatic
system is a collection of
lymph vessels
and glands. It has 3
main roles:

• Fluid balance: return tissue fluid to the blood

• Protection from infection: produce white blood cells-
lymphocytes
• Absorption of fats: transport digested fats from
villi to blood stream
1. Lymph circulation and blood circulation
The lymphatic vessel takes the
lymph to the blood stream by
secreting them in a vein near
the heart, called subclavian
vein. The lymph in the
lymphatic vessels are moved
along by the squeeze of
muscles against the vessel, just
like some veins.

The return of tissue

fluid to the blood in the
form of lymph fluid
prevents fluid built up
in the tissue.
• The Heart Song

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-
wilmN80XE