Duhok Polytechnic University

Shexhan thecnical college of health and medicine

Public health

Prepared by:
Malaria in Mexico
 Younis Readh Younis
 Hana Saaed Rasho
 Hizar Badirxan Abdulhamid
 Yasir Younis Muhammed Amin
 Helen Ghafur Ismaael

Supervisoured By:
Prof. Dr . Saad Faili

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Out line

 Introduction of Malari
 Malaria in Mexico
 How Malaria spread?
 how to diagnosis of malaria?
 What can be done to prevent the spread of malaria?
 Symptoms of Malaria
 Treatment Of Malaria
 Prevention of Malaria in Mexico:
 To avoid mosquito bites, the CDC recommends the
following:

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What is Malaria?

Malaria is a serious disease caused by a parasite spread through the

bites of infected mosquitoes.
Malaria is a major public health problem, particularly in tropical and
subtropical regions of the world.
Malaria can lead to severe complications, including organ failure, and
can be fatal if left untreated.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites that are transmitted
through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes

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Malaria in Mexico
Malaria is present in the southern states of Mexico,
especially in rural areas. Annual cases can reach up
to 5,000

History of Malaria in Mexico

In 19th century :Malaria epidemics were common
in Mexico, especially along the coast.
In 20th Century :Malaria cases decreased
significantly due to new anti-malarial drugs and
mosquito control programs.

In 21st Century : Malaria still persists in

southern states, and cases can increase during
the rainy season.

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How is Malaria Spread?

1. Mosquito Bites: Malaria is transmitted to Not: Spreading

humans through the bites of infected female malaria directly from
Anopheles mosquitoes. one person to
2. Blood Transfusions: Malaria can be another does not
transmitted through blood transfusions or occur.
organ transplants. or by the use of
contaminated (dirty) needles or syringes.
3. Mother-to-Child Transmission: Pregnant
women infected with malaria can pass the
parasite to their unborn children.

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how to diagnosis of malaria?

1. Clinical Diagnosis: is based on the patient’s symptoms and on

physical findings at examination. The first symptoms of malaria
(most often fever, chills, sweats, headaches, muscle pains, nausea
and vomiting)
2. Microscopic Diagnosis: can be identified by examining under
the microscope a drop of the patient’s blood, spread out as a “blood
smear” on a microscope slide.
3. Antigen Detection: Various test kits are available to detect
antigens derived from malaria parasites. Such immunologic
(“immunochromatographic”) tests most often use a dipstick or
cassette format, and provide results in 2-15 minutes.

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4. Molecular Diagnosis: Parasite nucleic acids are
detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Although
this technique may be slightly more sensitive than smear
microscopy,
5. Serology: Serology detects antibodies against malaria
parasites, using either indirect immunofluorescence (IFA)
or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
6. Drug Resistance Tests : Drug resistance tests must be
performed in specialized laboratories to assess the
susceptibility to antimalarial compounds of parasites
collected from a specific patient

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What can be done to prevent the spread of malaria?

1. Be sure to follow label directions.

2. Try to reduce the use of repellents by dressing in long sleeves and
pants tucked into socks or boots.
3. Children should only handle repellents with adult supervision.
Adults should apply repellents to their own hands first and then
gently spread it on the child's exposed skin. Avoid applying
directly to children's hands. After returning indoors, wash your
child's treated skin and clothing with soap and water or give the
child a bath.
4. Do not apply near eyes, nose or mouth and use sparingly around
ears.
5. After returning indoors, wash treated skin with soap and water

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Symptoms of Malaria

1. Fever: Fever is the primary symptom of

malaria. It usually occurs in cycles and can
last for several days
2. Headache: Headache is a common
symptom, often accompanied by other flu-
like symptoms
3. Body Aches: Body aches and muscle pain are
common symptoms of malaria, as the
parasite attacks red blood cells.

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Treatment Of Malaria

Anti-malarial Medication : Effective

antimalarial drugs are available to treat
uncomplicated malaria. Treatment should start
as soon as possible after diagnosis.

Hospitalisation : Severe malaria requires

hospitalisation and treatment with
intravenous antimalarial medication

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Prevention of Malaria in Mexico:
Mosquito Control: Mosquito control measures,
such as insecticide-treated nets, can reduce the risk
of malaria transmission.

Protective Measures
Protective measures, such as wearing
long-sleeved shirts and pants and using
insect repellent, can also prevent
mosquito bites.

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To avoid mosquito bites, the CDC recommends the
following:
1. Apply insect repellent to exposed skin
2. Wear long-sleeved clothing and long pants if you are outdoors
at night
3. Use a mosquito net over the bed if your bedroom is not air-
conditioned or screened
4. Spray an insecticide or repellent on clothing
5. Spray pyrethrin or a similar insecticide in your bedroom before
going to bed

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Refrences

1. https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/diagnosis.html
2. https://gamma.app/docs/Malaria-in-Mexico-eb4b2ptxfl1hd9s?mode=doc
3. Medical Parasitology: A Self-Instructional Text Seventh Edition
by Ruth Leventhal PhD MBA MLS (ASCP) (Author), Russell F. Cheadle MS
MLS (ASCP) (Author)

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