CHAPTER 4

Stress Transformation
 ANALYSIS OF STRESS

• For this topic, the stresses to be considered

are not on the perpendicular and parallel
planes only but also on other inclined planes.

a b y

P P
x
z
a b

(A body subjected to load P)

 ANALYSIS OF STRESS
• On plane a-a, normal force, N produces
normal stress.
𝑁 𝑃
𝜎= =
𝐴 𝐴
• On plane b-b, normal force, N produces
normal stress and shear force, V produces
shearing stress.

Area = A/cos
 N = P cos
P  P
V = P sin
 ANALYSIS OF STRESS

𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑃
𝜎𝑛 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 = 𝜎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝐴 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑃
𝑟= 𝐴 = − 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −𝜎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
 ANALYSIS OF STRESS
• On an element, there are 6 components of stress:
x , y , z , xy , yz , and zx

x
z

• If the z axis is not considered or the stresses are

independent with the z axis, then there exist only
stresses in the x and y directions.
 ANALYSIS OF STRESS UNDER 2D
• This state of 2-dimensional stress is known
as plane stress.
z = xz = yz = 0
y
a
y xy
y’
x’
x  x

x
a

All directions shown (axes and on y

element) are taken as positive.
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION

• Stresses on an element can

be transformed using 2 methods:

(i) Equations Method

(ii) Mohr Circle
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
i) Equations Method
• Consider an element x’
y’
rotated an amount of  x’
about the z-axis. x’y’
x  x
• Stresses on an inclined A
plane  will be yielded A cos xy A sin
and can be expressed in xy (A sin) cos
terms of x , y , xy and y
.
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Sign Convention:
 Positive if counter-clockwise and usually taken from the
vertical surface (x-plane) to the intended plane
 Positive if tension or in the direction of positive axis
 Positive if in the direction of
positive shear (counter- clockwise) xy = yx
+y

+xy

+x
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Normal Stress:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑥 ′ = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑟𝑥 𝑦
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 2

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑦 ′ = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝑟𝑥 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2 2

Shear Stress:
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝑟𝑥 𝘍𝑦′ = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝑟𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
2
Note: If  is clockwise, then put a negative sign in
the equation(s)
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
y’

+
90

y’ x’y’ x’

x’

 x
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
In-Plane Principle Stress:
𝑑𝜎𝑥𝘍
Taking = 0;
𝑑𝜃

2𝑟𝑥𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃𝑝 =
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦

2
𝜎 𝑥 +𝜎 𝑦 𝜎 𝑥 −𝜎 𝑦
𝜎𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 & 𝜎𝑚 𝑖 𝑛 =
2
±
2
+ 𝑟𝑥 𝑦 2
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION

Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress:

𝑑𝑐 𝑥 𝘍 𝑦𝘍
Takin = 0;
𝑑𝜃
g
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃𝑠 = −
2𝑟𝑥𝑦

2
𝜎 𝑥 −𝜎 𝑦
𝑟𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 & 𝑟𝑚 𝑖 𝑛 = ± + 𝑟𝑥 𝑦 2
2
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Average Normal Stress:
When substituting the values for 2s into the
equation for normal stress (σx’), there is also a normal
stress on the plane of maximum in-plane shear stress,
which can be determined by:

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
 EXAMPLE 1

The state of plane stress at a point on a body is shown

on the element in the Figure. Represent this stress
state in terms of the principal stresses.

90 MPa

60 MPa

x 20 MPa

xy

y
 EXAMPLE 1 – Solution
90 MPa

60 MPa

x 20 MPa

xy

x = – 20 MPa (Compression) y

y = 90 MPa (Tension)
xy = 60 MPa (Clockwise)
 EXAMPLE 1 – Solution
Principal Stresses

2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 & 𝜎𝑚 𝑖 𝑛 = ± + 𝑟𝑥 𝑦 2
2 2
2
−20 + 90 −20 − 90
± + 602
𝜎 𝑚𝑎𝑥 & 𝜎 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2 2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 & 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 35 ± 81.4

 max = 35 + 81.4 = 116 MPa

 min = 35 – 81.4 = 46.4 MPa
 EXAMPLE 1 – Solution
Orientation of Element

2𝑟𝑥𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃𝑝 =
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦

2 × 60
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃𝑝 =
−20 − 90
2p2 = 47.49
 p2 = 23.7

2p1 = 47.49 + 180 = 132.51

 p1 = 66.3
 EXAMPLE
The principal 1 – Solution
plane on which each normal stress acts can
be determined by applying:

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑥 ′ = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑟𝑥 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2 2
𝜎𝑥 ′ = −20 + 90 + −20 − 90 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −47.49° + 60𝑠𝑖𝑛 −47.49°
2 2
x’ = 46.4 MPa

Hence, σmin = 46.4 MPa acts on the

plane defined by θp2 = 23.7°,
whereas σmax = 116 MPa acts on the
plane defined by θp1 = 66.3°.
 EXAMPLE 1 – Solution
By replacing the θp1 and θp2 into the equation for shear
stress:
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝑟𝑥 𝘍 𝑦′ = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝑟𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
2
−20 − 90
𝑟𝑥 𝘍 𝑦′ = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −47.49° + 𝑟𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −47.49°
2
x’y’ = 0 MPa

No shear stress acts on this element.

 EXAMPLE 2
The state of plane stress at a point on a body is
represented on the element shown in the Figure.
Represent this stress state in terms of the maximum in-
plane shear stress and associated average normal
stress.
90 MPa

60 MPa

x 20 MPa

xy

y
 EXAMPLE 2 – Solution
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stresses

  x  y 
2
2
   2 
 
max

  20  90  60 2
 ma
x
   2 
2

 81.4MPa

max
 EXAMPLE 2 – Solution
Orientation of Element
  
tan 2s 

2
x xy

y

tan 2 s 
  20 
2
s 2  42.5 60
290
 s 2  21.3
2 s1  180  42.5 
222.5
 s1  111.3
 EXAMPLE 2 – Solution
The proper direction of max on the element can be
determined by applying the equation:

 x' y 
 x  y
sin 2  xy cos
'  2 2
x' y

  20  90 
sin 42.5  60 cos
' 2
42.5
x' y ' 

81.4MPa
 EXAMPLE 2 – Solution

•Average Normal Stress

•Besides the maximum shear stress, as calculated above, the element

is also subjected to an average normal stress determined from the
equation:
  
 avg 
x2
 avg   20 
y

2
90 
avg  35MPa
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
ii) Mohr Circle
• In this method, stresses on a plane are drawn as
one point on a Mohr circle.
• From the equations, it can be shown that:

2 2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑥′ − + 𝑟 𝑥 𝘍𝑦′ 2 = + 𝑟 𝑥𝑦 2
2 2

Centre of Circle R2 = max2

 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Steps for constructing Mohr Circle:
1. Determine centre of circle, C (x, y)
x = avg , y = 0
2. Determine point A (x, xy) : coordinate when  = 0
x = +ve (tension) or –ve (comp)
xy = +ve (counter clockwise) or –ve (clockwise)
3. Determine point A’ (y, yx) : coordinate when  = 90
4. Draw circle connecting A and A’ with C as the centre
5. The datum (reference line) in Mohr circle is line AC
6. All angles must be determined from line AC ( = 0)
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
y
Y(+y, -yx) yx
max

Y(+y, -yx)

min 2p(min) max yx

(  1) (  2)
 y
0
(x+y)/2 2p(max) (+ve)
X(+x, +xy)
2s(max)
X(+x, +xy) xy
x x

 xy
(+ve)
 EXAMPLE 3

The state of plane stress at a point on a body is

represented on the element shown in the Figure.
Determine the principal stresses and the orientation
acting at this point.
90 MPa

60 MPa

x 20 MPa

xy

y
 EXAMPLE 3 – Solution
Construction of the Circle
x = –20 MPa (Compression)
y = 90 MPa (Tension)
τxy = 60 MPa (Clockwise)

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 −20 + 90
The Centre of Circle is at: 𝜎 𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
=
2
= 35 𝑀𝑃𝑎

The Radius of the Circle is:

2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 −20 − 90
𝑅= + 𝑟 𝑥𝑦 2 = + 602 = 81.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
 EXAMPLE 3 – Solution

A’ (90, - 60)

σmin = 46.4 MPa σmax = 116.4 MPa

C = (35, 0) 
2θp2
2θp, max = 132.6°
60 MPa
35 MPa

20 MPa
tan 2θp2 = 60 / 55
A (-20, 60) 2θp2 = tan -1
1.09 2θp2 =
 47.49° θp2 =
23.74 °
 EXAMPLE 4

The state of plane stress at a point on a body is

represented on the element shown in the Figure.
Determine the maximum in-plane shear stresses and
the orientation of the element upon which they act.
90 MPa

60 MPa

x 20 MPa

xy

y
 EXAMPLE 4 –
Solution
tan 2θs1 = 55 / 60
τmin
2θs1 = tan-1 1.09
2θs1 = 42.5° = 81.4MPa
A’ (90,- 60)
θs1 = 21.3 °

2θs1 = 42.5°

35 MPa

20 MPa
A (-20, 60)
τmax = 81.4MPa

EXAMPLE 4 – Solution
y’

81.4 MPa x’
35 MPa
21.3
x
 EXAMPLE 5

The state of plane stress at a point on a body is

represented on the element shown in the Figure.
Represent this state of stress on an element oriented
30° counterclockwise from the position shown.
90 MPa

60 MPa

x 20 MPa

xy

y
 EXAMPLE 5 – Solution
tan 2θ = 55 / 60
2θ = tan-1 1.09 B’
2θ = 42.5°
θ = 21.3 °

 = 60° – 42.5°
 = 17.5 °

At Point B: C 
x’ = 35 + 81.4 sin17.5°
x’ = 59.48 MPa 42.5°
 = 17.5°
x’y’ = 81.4 cos 17.5° x’y’
x’y’ = 77.63 MPa A (-20, 60)
x’
B
20 MPa  35 MPa
 EXAMPLE 5 – Solution

B’ x’
At Point B’:
y’ = 81.4 sin 17.5°  35
y’ = 10.52 MPa x’y’  = 17.5°
x’y’ = 81.4 cos 17.5°
x’y’ = 77.63 MPa C 

42.5°
 = 17.5°
x’y’

A (-20, 60)
x’
B
20 MPa  35 MPa
EXAMPLE 5 – Solution
y’

x’

30
x