CALCULUS AND LINEAR ALGEBRA

UNIT-IV

(Applications of Differential Calculus)

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
SRM Institute of Science and Technology

Dr. G. Sheeja Calculus and Linear Algebra 1

 Topics covered

 Radius of Curvature -Cartesian coordinates.

 Radius of Curvature - Polar coordinates.
 Centre of curvature.
 Circle of curvature.
 Evolute of standard curves– Problems
 Envelope of standard curves.
 Beta Gamma Functions Definitions
 Beta Gamma Functions -simple problems.

Dr. G. Sheeja Calculus and Linear Algebra 2

Introduction
The rate of change of the direction of tangent with respect to arc lenngth
as the point p moves along the curve is called curvature vector of the
curve whose magnitude is called the curvature at p. Radius of curvature.
The reciprocal of the curvature of a curve at any point P is called the
radius of curvature at P and is denoted by rho.
 Radius of curvature for Cartesian Curve , is given by ,
where y1 = dy/dx and y2 = d 2y/dx 2
 Radius of curvature for parametric equations , is given by where and
= d 2y/dx
 Radius of curvature for polar curve r = f (θ) is given by

Dr. G. Sheeja Calculus and Linear Algebra 3

Problem-1
Find the radius of curvature at the point of the Folium .
Soln: Differentiating with respect to x , we get

(1)
at
Differentiating (1),

at
Hence at
(in magnitude)

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Problem-2
Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid
is .
Soln: We have

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Problem-3
Prove that the radius of curvature at any point of the astroid , is
three times the length of the perpendicular from the origin to the
tangent at that point.
Soln: The parametric equation of the curve is

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Problem-3 Cont...
Since
∴ Equation of the tangent at is

length of ⊥ from (0,0) on

Thus .

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Problem-4
Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the cardioid
varies as .
Soln: Differentiating w.r.t. , we get

Thus

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CENTRE OF CURVATURE

Let Γ be a simple curve having tangent at each point. At any

point P on this curve we can draw a circle having the same
curvature at P as the curve Γ.
This circle is called the circle of curvature and its centre is called the
centre of curvature and its radius is the radius of curvature of Γ at P.
Centre of curvature at any point on the curve is given by

Equation of the circle of curvature at P is .

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EVOLUTE
The locus of centre of curvature of a given curve is called the evolute of
the curve.The given curve is called an involute of the evolute. In fact, for
the evolute there are many involutes

Procedure to Find the Evolute

Let (1) be the equation of the given curve. If is the centre of curvature at
any point on (1), then

Eliminating using (1), (2) and (3), we get a relation in . (1)

Replacing by and by , we get the equation of locus of , which is

the evolute of the given curve. (2)

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 Problem :1

Find the centre of curvature at the point of P(2,4) on the parabola

Given the curve
tial
Differentiating (1) w. r. to

At (2,4), and

Let be the centre of curvature at the point on the curve. .

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Problem :1 cont,…

Then

The centre of curvature is .

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Problem :2

Find the equation to the circle of curvature of the curve at

Differentiating this twice w.r.to

At the point and

=e
Let be the centre of curvature.
Then

Equation of the circle of curvature is

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Problem-1
Find the coordinates of the center of curvature at any point of the
parabola . Hence show that its evolute is

Soln: We have i.e. and

If be the center of curvature, then

and

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Problem-1 Cont...

To find the evolute, we have to eliminate x from (4) and (5)

Or

Thus the locus of i.e., evolute is .

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Problem-2
Show that the evolute of the cycloid is another equal cycloid.

Soln: We have .

If be the center of curvature, then

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Problem-2 Cont...
2
1+ 𝑦 1
=𝑎 (1 − cos ⁡𝜃)+ ( 1+cot ⁡𝜃 /2 ) ( − 4 asin ⁡𝜃 / 2 )
2 4
𝑦´ = 𝑦 +
𝑦2
4 2
¿ 𝑎(1 − cos ⁡𝜃)− 4 asin ⁡𝜃/ 2 ⋅ cosec ⁡𝜃/ 2
2
𝑎(1 − cos ⁡𝜃)− 4 sin ⁡𝜃 / 2
𝑎(1 − cos ⁡𝜃)− 2 𝑎(1 − cos ⁡𝜃)=− 𝑎 (1− cos ⁡𝜃)
Hence the locus of ( 𝑥 ´ ,𝑦
´ ) i . e ., the evolute , is given by
𝑥=𝑎 ( 𝜃+sin ⁡𝜃) , 𝑦=− 𝑎 (1 −cos ⁡𝜃) which is another equal cycloid .

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ENVELOPE

Consider the system of straight lines (1) where is a parameter. For

different values of , we have different straight lines and so (1) represents a
family of straight lines. Each member of this family touches the curve . So,
these lines cover the curve . This curve is called the envelope of the family
of lines. We shall now define envelope.

Definition:

Let be a single parameter family of curves, where is the parameter. The

envelope of this family of curves is a curve which touches every member of
the family.

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Problem-1
Find the envelope of the family of lines being the parameter.

Soln: We have

Differentiating (6) partially with respect to ,

Now eliminate from (6) and (7).

Substituting the values of in (6), we get

or

which is the required equation of the envelope

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Problem-2
Find the envelope of a system of concentric and coaxial ellipses of constant
area.
Soln: Taking the common axes of the system of ellipses as the coordinate
axes, the equation to an ellipse of the family is

where and are the parameters. The area of the ellipse which is given to be
constant, say

Substituting in (8),

which is given family of ellipses with a as the only parameter.

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Problem-2 Cont...
Differentiating partially (10) with respect to a,

Eliminate a from (10) and (11)

Substituting the values of in (10), we get

which is the required equation of the envelope.

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Problem-3
Find the evolute of the parabola .

Soln: Any normal to the parabola is

Differentiating it with respect to partially,

or

Substituting this value of in (12),

Squaring both sides, we have

Which is the evolute of the parabola.

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Beta, Gamma Functions
The beta function is defined as

where . Note that .

The gamma function is defined as

where .

Note: (1) , (2) !, (3)

The relation between Beta and Gamma functions is

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Problems Beta, Gamma Functions

Show that .

Soln:

put

i.e.,

so that

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Problems based on Beta, Gamma
Functions
Show that

Soln:

put i.e.,

so that

Now substituting in the second integral, we get

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Problems based on Beta, Gamma
Functions
Express the following integral in terms of gamma function

Soln: Put , i.e.,

so that

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Problems based on Beta, Gamma
Functions
Express the following integral in terms of gamma function

Soln:

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Problems based on Beta, Gamma
Functions
Evaluate in terms of Gamma functions.

Soln: We have

Then

(Imaginary part of

I.P. of

I.P. of by

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Problems based on Beta, Gamma
Functions

I.P. of where

I.P. of (Using Demoivre’s theorem)

I.P. of

Where .

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 Thank You

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