JE W – Refresher 19.

DIVERSION
5 DIVERSIONS 10
5.1 Definition, Types of diversions 2
5.2 Standard for laying diversions 2
5.3 Tutorial on calculation of layout for 2
diversion
5.4 Field Visit: Calculating length of 4
diversions, marking of layout in
field
 What is Diversion

• In order to facilitate passage of traffic when

main line track is involved in either accident,
breach, or due to rebuilding of bridge, an
additional track laid by the side of main line is
called ‘Diversion’.
 Types of Diversion
• Temporary Diversion
• Semi-Permanent Diversion
 Temporary Diversion
• Not use more than 10 days
• Laid immediately without wasting time
• All trains must “Stop-dead” before entering a
temporary diversion and proceed at 10 Kmph
speed.
• The materials for laying track, are as available
at site.
 Semi-Permanent Diversion
• A semi-permanent diversion, is one
constructed for the special purpose of
facilitating the reconstruction of the line
and/or bridges likely to be in use for a period
of more than 10 days.
• Sufficient time gap available for laying
diverted track as per approved drawing.
 Semi-Permanent Diversion …
• All train stop ahead of diversion and proceed
with 10 kmph for fortnight like temporary
diversion.
• Trains may proceed at a non-stop reduced
speed after adequate period of consolidation.
• The materials for laying diverted track are
new/serviceable and track structure will be as
like as main line track.
Specifications of Semi-Permanent
Diversion

• The gradient of diverted track should not be

steeper than 1 in 100.
• The radius of diverted curved track should not
be sharper than 450 m.
 Specifications of Semi-Permanent
Diversion
• If there is a bridge on diversion, both
approach of the bridge up to 30m (including
bridge) must be straight and level.
• The existing bank should not be cut to lay
diversion.
Standard for laying diversions

• Curvature and Gradients– As far as possible

the radius of curve should not be less than
450 m.
• Gradient should not be steeper than 1 in 100
and compensated for curvature.
Standard for laying diversions …
• In difficult terrain it may be necessary to lay
curves of radius not less than 225 m and
adopt grades upto the ruling gradient on the
section.
• There should be no super elevation, in case of
temporary diversions.
Standard for laying diversions …
• Calculation for setting out diversion–
• While setting out diversion, the following
formula will be use :-
Length of the diverted track
Length of
diversion
along straight
= 2x(L+S/2)

Length of
diversion
along curve =
2x(4T+C+S/2)
Standard for laying diversions …
• Calculation for setting out diversion …
• All measurements to be taken in same units, where,
• AB= Portion of existing line to be diverted.
• L= Length of half the diversion, measured along the
original alignment.
• D=Maximum distance of diversion from original
alignment.
Standard for laying diversions …
• Calculation for setting out diversion …
• S= Straight portion of diversion which is parallel to
original alignment.
• C= Straight between the two reverse curves
connecting the original alignment to the diversion
not less than 30 m.
• R= Radius of curves.
• T= Length of tangent.
Standard for laying diversions …
• Calculation for setting out diversion …
• Curvature for Diversion
• For B.G :-
• Radius not less than 450 m as far as possible.
• In difficult terrain not less than 225 m.

• For M.G. :-
• Radius not less than 300 m as far as possible.
• In difficult terrain not less than 125 m.
Standard for laying diversions …
• Calculation for setting out diversion …
• GRADIENTS
• Not steeper than 1 in 100 for B.G. and 1 in 80 for
M.G.
• Adopt Grades up to the steepest Gradient of the
section.
• Grade compensation for curvature should be
considered.
Standard for laying diversions …
• Calculation for setting out diversion …
• Super elevation
• Normally no S.E. to be provided .
• If it is provided, it should be limited to suit the
permitted speed over the diversion.
• Run out at a rate not exceeding 12 mm in 10 meter
length.
Standard for laying diversions …

• General precautions
• The existing bank should not be cut to lay diversion.
• If a Bridge is on diversion with cribs, a straight &level
portion of 30 M should be provided on either
approach of the bridge.
• Provide blanket of coal ashes/quarry dust on the
new embankment and roll it if possible.
Standard for laying diversions …

• General precautions …
• CRS Inspection required for –
• Temporary diversion –If it is to be continued for more than 3
days, then CRS may like to inspect.
• Semi permanent diversion.
• Permanent diversion –If length is more than 2 Km.
 Details of Diversion

• Height of diversion:-Depends upon

 Land and earth available
 Condition of ground
 Manpower and mechanical resources available
 Weather condition
 Urgency of work
 Details of Diversion …

• Width of diversion :-
• Should normally be same as that of main line
embankment, particularly if diversion is likely to
continue for a long period.
• If laid for very short time –4.88 M (B.G.) and 3.66 M
(M.G.).
• Actual width ,however, depends upon the site
conditions.
 Details of Diversion …

• Distance of diversion :-
• Should be minimum possible.
• Also depends upon space required to clear the
obstruction, construction of a bridge and other site
conditions
 Details of Diversion …

• Length of diversion:-
• Should be minimum possible taking in to account
that –
 Existing bank is not cut.
 Min. Straight of 30 m Bet. Reverse curve.
 Level & straight length of 30 m on either
approaches of a bridge.
 Grades &Curves are within limit.
 Opening for traffic–
• The diversion track should be adequately
consolidated and tested by locomotive/
loaded wagons before opening for traffic.
• The most vulnerable portion of the diversion
is at the junction of the old bank with the new
bank.
 Opening for traffic–
• Care should, therefore, be taken to provide
benching of slopes at the junction.
• Cross-levels should be checked after passage
of every train and rectified till the track gets
stabilised.
 Example
• On a double line suburban section (maximum permissible speed
100 KMPH) the track centers are 5 m apart. An island platform of
10m width is to be provided. One of the lines is to be diverted to
accommodate the platform by introducing reverse curves on either
side of the platform. Find out the optimum radius of the reverse
curve, so as to keep the total length of the reverse curve minimum.
Also find the cant and length of transition to be provided at the
ends of the reverse curve as well as at the junction of the circular
curves.
If the room available for provision of the full length of the reverse
curve including transition is 120 m only, find the radius, cant and
maximum permissible speed. The limiting values of cant deficiency,
rate of change of cant, rate of change of cant deficiency, rate of
change of cant, rate of change of cant deficiency and cant gradient
are 75mm, 55mm/sec, 55mm/sec, and 1 in 360 respectively.
 Example …
• Solution:

• i) When there is no restriction on availability of space for the

diversion:
A minimum radius of 640 m is needed for a maximum
permissible speed of 100KMPH. However on a diversion, this
radius would involve more cant and hence lengthy transitions
and will require more space.
 Example …
• Solution:
On the other hand, if the radius is kept larger than 640m, then
also it would require more space on account of the longer
length of the circular portion of reverse curves. Hence it is a
problem of optimization of both radius and required
transition length for that radius, while permitting the
maximum permissible speed. For the optimal solution, we can
proceed as follows :
 Example …
• Solution:
• Total length of the reverse curve is HN’ in Figure 3.4 above.
• To compute the same, let L be the length of transition for a
superelevation Ca for a speed of 100 KMPH on a curve of
radius R. Then the length of straight CD on the common
tangent between the reverse curves without any transition in
between is also equal to L.
• Further, let HA = AJ = MG = GN = M’G’ = G’N’ = L/2
• Length of common transition (KP) of the transitioned reverse
curve is equal to 2L for equal Ca and R on the reverse curve.
• Also KC = CE = ED = DP = L/2
• Now, the total space required for the reverse curve including
transitions.
 Example …
• Solution:

• This expression indicates that the space required, depends on

two variables viz. L and R
• If Ca = Cd , the length of diversion will be optimum.For full
sectional speed, 100 KMPH, the minimum length of diversion
will be when Ca = Cd = 75mm.
• Using eqn. (1.6), we get
• Ca + Cd = 75 + 75 = 13.76 * V2 /R
 Example …
• Solution:

• Length of transition required shall be more than :

• L1 = L2 = 0.72 x Ca = 0.72 x 75 = 54 m
• Or L3 = 0.008 x (Ca or Cd ) X Vm = 0.008 x 75 x 100 = 60m.
Adopt L = 60 m for Ca = Cd = 75 mm and R = 920 m [Ans.]
 Example …
• Solution:
• The space required for diversion is given by
• HN = HA + G'N' + AG’

• = 245.11 m say 245 m. Length of Transition at ends = 60m.

Length of Transition at junction of reverse curves = 120m
Total length of diversion = 245m [Ans]
 Example …
• Solution:
• (ii) When spare available for provision of full reverse curve
including transition is limited to 120 m as against 245 m, it will
be necessary to adopt a sharper curve, as well as a short
transition for minimizing the required space.
• This will naturally require a speed restriction.
• We know that HN’ = 120 m.
• Adopting a minimum length of transition as 15 m ( so as not
to be less than the minimal virtual transition of 14.60 m for
BG.) we get
 Example …
• Solution:

• Solving for R, we get

• R = 325.364 m
• Adopting a radius of 325 m for the reverse curves, total length
required
 Example …
• Solution:
• Proceeding on similar lines as in example 3.5 to find out
permissible speed on curve,
 Example …
• Solution:
 Example …
• Solution:
• Hence adopt the following values for the relevant parameters
in case of limited availability of room for diversion :-
• Radius of the reverse curve = 325 m
• Actual cant, Ca = 40 mm
• Cant deficiency, Cd = 57.1mm
• Length of transition, L= 15 m
• Maximum permissible speed = 45 KMPH. [Ans]
Thanks