PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
[2023-24]

Name-
Class-
Roll No-
CERTIFICATE

It is hereby certified by Yug Pal of class

XII-E has performed this project in
academic year 2023-24 under the
guidance of Mrs. Priyanka Gosain.

Teacher’s Signature Principal’s

Signature

Examiner’s Signature
Acknowledgment
I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and
gratitude to my physics teacher Mrs. Priyanka Gosain for
her constructive guidance and constant motivation have
been responsible for the successful completion of my
project.
My sincere gratitude goes to our principal Sr. Sheeba for
her co-ordination in extending every possible for the
completion of this project. I also thank my parents for
their motivation and support last but not the least I would
like to thank all those who had helped directly or
indirectly towards the completion of this project.
Name-
Class-
CONTENTS
 Introduction 05

 Theory
06
 Apparatus Required
07
 Construction 08

 Working
Introduction
A half-wave rectifier converts an AC signal to DC by passing either the
negative or positive half-cycle of the waveform and blocking the other.
Half-wave rectifiers can be easily constructed using only one diode, but
are less efficient than full-wave rectifiers.
Since diodes only carry current in one direction,
they can serve as a simple half-wave rectifier.
Only passing half of an AC current causes irregula-
rities, so a capacitor is usually used to smooth
out the rectified signal before it
can be usable.
Alternating current (AC) periodically changes dire-
ction, and a rectifier converts this signal to a direct current (DC),
which only flows in one direction. A half-wave rectifier does this by
removing half of the signal.
A half-wave rectifier creates a purely positive signal by blocking the
negative half-cycle, while a full-wave rectifier does this by changing
the direction of the negative half-cycle.
THEORY
 A high AC voltage is applied to the primary side of the
step-down transformer. The obtained secondary low
voltage is applied to the diode.
 The diode is forward biased during the positive half
cycle of the AC voltage and reverse biased during the
negative half cycle.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
 Step-down Transformer
 Diode (4007)
 Resistance (470 ohm)
 Capacitor (25V 1000μF)
 LED Bulb
 Wires
 Cardboard
CONSTRUCTION
A half wave rectifier can be constructed with a single
diode. The ac input signal is fed to the primary coil of a
transformer. The output signal is taken across the load
resistance RL. Half wave rectifier comprises of only four
basic components, called input power supply, primary
and secondary windings, p-n junction diode, and the load
resistor.
The half wave rectifiers are inexpensive as compared to
other types of rectifiers. It is due to the less number of
components present in the circuit.
The design of the circuit does not involve any complex
wiring system or greater components.
WORKING
 The Alternating voltage across the secondary winding of the
circuit changes polarity after every half cycle. During the first
half cycle, the upper end of the input is positive with respect to
the lower end. The diode in such case is forward biased and
therefore conducts the current. If the diode's forward resistance
is zero, the input voltage will be directly applied to the load
resistor. In practically, the diode resistance can be minimal but
not zero. The output current and voltage waveform are similar to
the input AC waveform.
 Similarly, during the negative half, the lower end is negative for
the upper end. The diode in such case becomes reverse biased
and therefore does not conducts. Hence, the voltage across the
load resistor remains zero. The reverse current is very small that
is considered equal to zero. Thus, for every negative half cycle,
no output is delivered to the load resistor.
 The input and output waveform for the positive half
input cycle appears as:

 The input and output waveform for the next half

(negative) input cycle appears as:
USES
The rectifiers are generally used to construct DC power
supplies. The rectifier can be a half-wave or full-wave
rectifier, depending on the requirements. Both the
rectifiers are used as a component in building DC power
supplies. The full-wave rectifiers are proffered for
smooth DC power supply applications. In applications
where there is no requirement for a smooth or constant
DC power supply, we can use the half-wave rectifier.
The Half Wave Rectifier's other applications include
soldering iron circuits, small battery cells, AM
(Amplitude Modulation) radio circuits, firing circuits,
etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 javatpoint.com
 tutorialspoint.com
 byju’s.com
 analog.com
 wikipedia.org
 NCERT Textbook
 MTG [100 Percent]