Chap 6 - Waves and

Sound
 Transverse and Longitudinal Wave

 The oscillation of transverse wave are up  The oscillation of longitudinal wave are
and down. backward and forward.
 In transverse wave, the oscillation is right  In longitudinal wave, the oscillations are
angle to the direction of travel. in direction of travel.
 Examples: Light wave.  Examples: Sound wave.
 Descripting Waves

 Speed of waves is measure in m/s.

 Frequency is the number of oscillation per second. It is

measured in Hz (hertz).

 Period is the time for 1 complete oscillation.

 Speed and Frequency

1
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
Example
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Reflection of Waves

• The waves is reflected from

the surface of the same angle
as they strike it.
Refraction of Waves
 Diffraction
 Diffraction occurs when the waves bend round the sides of an
obstacle, or spread out as they pass through the gap.

 Wider gap produce less diffraction.

 Longer wavelength would produce more diffraction.

 Diffraction is only significant when the gap size is about the

same as the wavelength.

 Sound, light and radio signal all undergo reflection,

refraction and diffraction. This suggest that they travel as
waves.
Quiz
 Sound Waves

 Sound waves are produced by vibration.

 When an object vibrate, it move forward and backward very fast

creating compression and rarefraction.
 The Nature of Sound Waves
 Sound waves are caused by vibrations.

 Sound waves are longitudinal waves because the air oscillates

backwards and forwards.

 Sound waves need a medium to travel. Therefore, sound waves cannot

travel in vacuum.

 Sound waves travel fastest in solid follow by liquid and then gas.

 Sound waves can be reflected and refracted.

 Sound waves can be diffracted. It can spread through the gaps or bend
round obstacles of similar size of their wavelength.
 Echo and Reducing Sound
 Hard surfaces reflect the sound and produce echo.

 In large rooms and halls, the soft materials such as curtains,

carpet and sofa are good absorber of sound which can
reduce the occurrence of echo.

 Oppositely, hard objects such as bricks and steel are good

transmitter of sound wave.

 To stop the unwanted sound from passing from one room to

another, panel pack with foam or fibre wool can be use to
cut down the transmission of sound wave.
Quiz
 Speed of Sounds

 Speed of sound depends on temperature. The higher the

temperature, the faster the sound waves travel.

 Speed of sound will not be affected by the air pressure.

 Speed of sound is different though different material.

Measuring the Speed of Sound
Refraction of Sound
 Echo
 Hard surfaces reflect sound producing echo. As a result,
when we hear the echo, we are hearing the reflected sound
after the original sound.
Application of Echo Time
 Characteristics of Sound Waves

 The higher the frequency, the higher the number of

oscillation per second. Thus, the higher the pitch /
note.

 If the pitch of the note increase by 1 octave, the

frequency of sound waves will be double.
Frequency and Pitch
The Wave Equation
 Amplitude and Loudness

 The higher the amplitude,

the greater the loudness.

 Sound wave is energy,

doubling the amplitude
means 4 times of energy is
delivered per second.
Quiz
 Ultrasound
 Sound above the human hearing range is known as ultrasound.

 Uses of ultrasound include

1. Cleaning & breaking – The vibration of high power ultrasound will dislodge the bit of dirt and grease.
2. Echo sounding – Can be used to determine the depth of the sea.
3. Metal Testing – Ultrasound can be used to test the flaw of metal.
4. Scanning womb – A transitter sends pulses of ultrasound into the mother body. The transmitter also act as a
detector to pick up pulses reflected from the baby and different layers inside the body. The signal is then
processed by computer which transform into an image on screen. Ultrasound is safer than X-ray and can
distinguish different layer of soft tissue where x-ray couldn’t.
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