“ATURAN KETERLIBATAN”: Dimensi Etis Penelitian

Doktoral

ST. AISYAH S
NIM: I013222001
S3 Ilmu Peternakan
DOSEN : Prof. Dr. Ir. Herry Sonjaya, DEA
Abstract
Pursuing a doctorate is a rite of passage that requires a student
to successfully navigate the transition from "student" to
"undergraduate".
One area of practice that is often marginalized is the role of
ethics
The ethical dimensions considered are conceptualized as eight
principles of research and ethical practice in doctoral research.
The "Eight Ethical Principles" will serve as a "checklist" for
doctoral and novice researchers

Introduction
Ethics also play an important role in the development of a student
into a scholar.
The ethical "checklist" that every doctoral student will understand
considers the following eight applications:

Plagiarism and honesty
Risk assessment
Information-based consent
Privacy and confidentiality
Data handling and reporting
Errors and omissions
Work with mentors
1. Institutional
Ethical Application #1:
Plagiarism &; Honesty
Plagiarism is considered by many to be a common problem in
education (Ison, 2015).
To combat this threat, plagiarism tools, such as Turnitin.com
 Honesty is also an important element of ethical practice in
relation to working in the field with research participants
or in acknowledging intellectual debts to colleagues and
co-workers (Leedy &; Ormrod, 2010).
Plagiarism and honesty can be ethical gray areas
where expected results may unduly influence the
researcher's interactions with research
participants, lead to data manipulation, or even
misinterpret findings to achieve significant
results or convincing conclusions (Miles et al.,
2014).
Ethical Application #2:
Risk Assessment

Risk assessment is an important aspect of ethics because it ensures that steps

have been taken to assess and evaluate a particular research design and its
parameters for potential risks to participants.
Researchers must realize that they alone are responsible for the ethical
considerations of their research
The most significant risk assessment principle is generosity (Cozby &; Bates,
2012).
 Benefits can be ascertained through risk-benefit analysis where researchers
thoroughly anticipate, examine, and research potential benefits, challenges,
and risks for study participants to ensure their safety and well-being.
 Ethical Practice #3:
Informed Consent

One of the ethical issues associated with informed consent is

transparency.
How much or how little information should be included in an informed
consent form is still hotly debated and the literature presents varying
positions regarding acceptable levels of transparency (Cozby &; Bates,
2012; Creswell, 2009; Leedy & Ormrod, 2010; Miles et al.., 2014;
Patton, 2014).
 The second ethical issue is about respect for participant autonomy
(Cozby &; Bates, 2012).
Ethical Practice #4: Privacy and
confidentiality
Privacy, confidentiality, and anonymity are three terms that are often confused
and misunderstood in research (Miles et al., 2014).
Privacy includes restricting third parties' access to protected or sensitive
information and taking appropriate measures to ensure data security.
 Confidentiality is a prearranged understanding between researchers and
participants of the intended use of data collected from their participation.
Maintaining strict policies of privacy, confidentiality, and anonymity will
strengthen the relationship and trust between researchers and research
participants.
Ethical Implementation
#5: Data handling and
reporting
Easy data handling and processing is the use of computer-aided
qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) (Miles et al, 2014).
The need for physical storage for hard copies of research-related
documentation is required in qualitative research (Miles et al., 2014).
 Have a copy of the data
 Ethical Application #6:
Errors and omissions

Errors and omissions come in many different forms

and degrees.
 The surest way to protect yourself from errors
and omissions is to be aware of potential red
flags during the research process and, if
necessary, involve others as collaborators (Paton,
2014).
 Ethical Practice #7:
Work with mentors

The School of Education adopts the mentor model in doctoral education.

The mentor model provides the necessary conditions for intellectual risk-taking
to occur naturally without fear of its consequences and with the full support of
colleagues and mentors.
 The relationship between student and mentor is dynamic and personal; The
agreement, a type of social contract between the two members, serves as a
public and visual reminder of their duties and obligations to each other
(Celik, 2013; Gilbar et al., 2013).
 Ethical Application #8:
Institutional Review
Board (IRB)
Guidelines

Research involving human subjects affiliated or conducted

under the auspices of a federally funded agency or
organization must obtain permission from the internal or
institutional Review Board (IRB) before commencing research
(Leedy & Ormrod, 2010).
 There are three broad categories of research evaluation
used by IRB review boards: exempt, minimal risk, and
greater than minimal risk.
 Ethical Application #8: Institutional Review Board (IRB) Guidelines

No risk or exempt research does not pose a threat to human subjects,

but still has to be approved by the IRB (Cozby &; Bates, 2012).
The research is minimally risky, uncontroversial, sensitive, or involving
participants from Parts B, C, or D under The Common Rule (45 CFR
part 46).
 Greater than minimal risk is the strictest categorization and requires
full transparency on the part of the researcher with most, if not all,
instrumentation, protocols, and protective measures, such as
consent and confidentiality, pre-approved prior to granting
permission (Cozby &; Bates, 2012).
 Conclusion
Ethics is an important consideration in research and scholarship.
Doctoral students complete their coursework and begin their
dissertation, they are faced with the challenge of conducting original
research and ethical considerations.
The ethical "checklist" that every doctoral student will understand
considers the following eight applications: plagiarism and honesty,
risk assessment, informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, data
handling and reporting, errors and omissions, working with mentors,
and Institutional.
 This ethical obligation is not a burden, but an opportunity to
enhance the role of human participants in research while adhering
to high-quality ethical practices in research. The pursuit of science,
however promising or valuable, should not be underestimated
THANKS