HOSPITAL VISIT PRESENTATION

S.RAGUL
E19BML304
BME- FINAL YEAR
 HOSPITAL VISITED

VIJAY MULTISPECIALITY HOSPITAL

AT NAGAPATINAM
 INDEX

 RADIOLOGY EQUIPMENT
1. X-RAY
2. MRI
3. CT
 CARDIOLOGY EQUIPMENTS
1. DEFIBRILLATOR
2. ECG
 EQUIPMENTS IN OPERATION THEATURE
1. PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM
2. ANAESTHEIA MACHINE
INTRODUCTION OF X-RAY

 X-RAY ARE A TYPE OF RADIATION CALLED ELECTROMAGNETIC

WAVES.
X-RAY IMAGING CREATES PICTURES OF THE INSIDE OF YOUR
BODY.
THE IMAGES SHOW THE PARTS OF YOUR BODY IN DIFFERENT
SHADES OF BLACK AND WHITE.
PARTS

1. X-Ray tube
2. Operating console
3. High voltage transformer
4. Tube head or productive housing
5. Collimator
6. Patient table
7. Grid
8. Bucky
9. Radiographic film
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF X-RAY MACHINE
WORKING OF X-RAY MACHINE

An x-ray is produced when a negatively charged electrode is

heated by electricity and electrons are released, thereby
producing energy. That energy is directed toward a metal
plate, or anode, at high velocity and an x-ray is produced
when the energy collides with the atoms in the metal plate.
APPLICATION OF THE X-RAY

1. Detection of the fraction in bones.

2. Infection of lungs, kidneys and other injury.
3. Presence of tumor
4. X-ray are used for treatment for tumor.
DISADVANTAGES OF X-RAY

1. It does not provide 3d information.

2. They do not interact very strongly with lighter elements.
3. It does not produce the best image but medium quality
image.
INTRODUCTION OF CT SCAN

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY(CT) IS A Medical imaging method

Employing TOMOGRAPHY.

The word ‘tomography’ is derived from the Greek tomes (slice) and
grapevine (to write).

A large series of two-dimensional x-ray images of the inside of an object

are taken around a single axis of rotation.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CT
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CT SCAN

“computed tomography,” or CT, refers to a computerized x-ray imaging procedure

in which a narrow beam of x-rays is aimed at a patient and quickly rotated around
the body, producing signals that are processed by the machine’s computer to
generate cross-sectional images, or “slices.” These slices are called tomographic
images and can give a clinician more detailed information than conventional x-rays.
Once a number of successive slices are collected by the machine’s computer, they
can be digitally “stacked” together to form a three-dimensional (3D) image of the
patient that allows for easier identification of basic structures as well as possible
tumors or abnormalities.
OUTPUT OF CT SCAN
APPLICATION OF CT SCAN

Examine internal and bone injuries from vehicle accidents or

other trauma.
Diagnose spinal problems and skeletal injuries.
Detect many different types of cancers and determine the
extent(spread) of the tumors.
DISADVANTAGE OF CT SCAN

1. It is time consuming.
2. It is expensive for routine clinical use.
3. The patient is exposed to higher radiation
INTRODUCTION OF MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique that

uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create
detailed images of the organs and tissues in your body.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MRI
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF MRI

The strong magnetic field created by the MRI scanner causes the atoms
in your body to align in the same direction.
Radio waves are then sent from the MRI machine and move these atoms
out of the original position.
As the radio waves are turned off, the atoms return to their original
position and send back radio signals.
OUTPUT OF MRI
ADVANTAGES OF MRI

1. Higher resolution of tissues

2. No ionizing radiation

3. Multiplanar imaging
DISADVANTAGES OF MRI

1. Long image time

2. Hazards with ferromagnetic metals

(pacemaker, vascular clips, etc.).

3. Higher cost
 INTRODUCTION OF ECG

An electrocardiogram also termed an ECG or EKG (K means kardiya for

heart in Greek) or a 12 lead ECG. Is a simple non-invasive test that
records the heart's electrical activity. The ECG machine is designed to
recognize and record any electrical activity within the heart.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ECG
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ECG

The electrodes are connected to an ECG machine by lead wires. The

electrical activity of the heart is then measured, interpreted, and printed
out. No electricity is sent into the body. Natural electrical impulses
coordinate contractions of the different parts of the heart to keep blood
flowing the way it should.
OUTPUT OF ECG
APPLICATION OF ECG

An ECG is often used a alongside other tests to help diagnose and

monitor conditions affecting the heart.

It can be used to investigate symptoms of a possible heart problems.

INTRODUCTION OF DEFIBRILLATORS

Defibrillators are device that send an electric pulse or shock to the heart
to restore a normal heartbeat.

They are used to prevent or correct an arrhythmia, an uneven heartbeats

that is too slow or too fast.

If the heart suddenly stops, defibrillators can also help it beat again.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DEFIBRILLATOR
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DEFIBRILLATOR

A defibrillator works by de-polarizing the cardiac muscle with a short

electrical shock. This allows the cells in the heart to recharge at the same
time, reestablishing the sinus rhythm in the process.

Most defibrillators are energy-based, meaning that the devices charge a

capacitor to a selected voltage and then deliver a prespecified amount of
energy in joules. The amount of energy that arrives at the myocardium is
dependent upon the selected voltage and the transthoracic impedance
(which varies by patient).
APPLICATIONS OF DEFIBRILLATOR

Defibrillators are devices that send an electric pulse or shock to the heart
to restore a normal heartbeat. They are used to prevent or correct an
arrhythmia, an uneven heartbeat that is too slow or too fast. If the heart
suddenly stops, defibrillators can also help it beat again.
INTRODUCTION OF PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM

Patient monitoring systems are collections of machines or equipment used to

constantly monitor patients through various vital signs and warning systems to
detect and record changes in patient wellbeing.

The patient monitoring system (PMS) is a very critical monitoring systems, it is

used for monitoring physiological signals including electrocardiograph (ECG),
respiration, invasive and non-invasive blood pressure, oxygen saturation in
human blood (spo2), body temperature and other gases etc.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PATIENT MONITORING
SYSTEM

The patient monitoring device collects important patient data, that data is
then sent to the equipment where it is processed, stored, and displayed.
The equipment that processes, stores and display this data is called the
capital equipment.
APPLICATIONS OF PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM

The patient monitoring system (PMS) is a very critical monitoring systems,

it is used for monitoring physiological signals including electrocardiograph
(ECG), respiration, invasive and non-invasive blood pressure, oxygen
saturation in human blood (spo2), body temperature and other gases etc.
INTRODUCTION ANESTHESIA MACHINE

The anesthesia gas machine is a device which delivers a precisely-known

but variable gas mixture, including anesthetizing and life-sustaining
gases. The anesthesia gas machine is also called the anaesthesia
workstation, or anesthesia delivery system.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ANESTHESIA MACHINE
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ANESTHESIA MACHINE

The anesthesia machine receives medical gases from a gas supply,

controls the flow and reduces the pressure of desired gases to a safe
level, vaporizes volatile anesthetics into the final gas mixture, and delivers
the gases to a breathing circuit that is connected to the patient's airway.
APPLICATION OF ANESTHESIA MACHINE

An anesthesia machine is the apparatus used to deliver general

anesthesia to patients as they undergo a medical procedure.

The most commonly used device is the continuous flow anesthetic

machine, which provides a steady flow of air containing a regulated
supply of gas.

The basic function of an anesthesia machine is to prepare a gas mixture

of precisely known, but variable composition. The gas mixture can then be
delivered to a breathing system.
THANK YOU