GROUP PROJECT

TO INVESTIGATE THE FOAMING CAPACITY

OF DIFFERENT WASHIMG SOAPS AND THE
EFFECT OF THE ADDITION OF SODIUM
CARBONATE ON THEM
 OUR TEAM

Raushan kumar Ajay kumar Ram. Ahsanul Chetan Raj

shreevastav Haque REgmi
Ansari
 OUR TEAM

Aman Raaza Navaraj Rokaya Basant Bhatt

Ansari
 • Introduction
• Formation OF soap
• principle

Conte • Structure of soaps

• Materials require

nts • Procedure
• Sample of soaps
• Observations
• Factors affecting on them
• Result and conclusion
• References
 INTRODUCTION
Soaps and detergents are cleaning ingredients that can remove
oil particles from surfaces because of their unique chemical
properties. Soap is a salt made up of carboxylic acid and
alklines likesodium or potassium. The cleaninfg action of soap
and detergents is a result of the abaility to surroundoil
particles on a surfsce and disperse it in the water .Soaps are
sodium and potassium salts of higher fatty acids such as
Steraic acid (C17H35COOH) , palmitic acid(C15H31COOH),
and oleic acid(C17H35COOH) They have the general formula
RCOONa .currently sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide is
used to neutralize the fatty acid and convert it to salt.
 Formation of soap

:- Soaps are formed through a chemical reaction called saponification, which involves
combining fats or oils (triglycerides) with an alkali, typically sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) for solid soap or potassium hydroxide (KOH) for liquid soap. During this
reaction, the triglycerides are hydrolyzed, breaking them down into glycerol (a sugar
alcohol) and fatty acid salts (soap molecules). These soap molecules have a
hydrophilic (water-attracting) "head" and a hydrophobic (water-repellent) "tail." In
the presence of water, soap molecules arrange themselves into micelles, with the
hydrophilic heads facing outward and the hydrophobic tails inward, effectively
trapping and removing grease, dirt, and oils from surfaces. This property allows soaps
to act as effective detergents for cleaning.
 PRINCIPLE
the foaming capacity of soap depends upon
the nature of the soap and it’s concentration.
This may be compared by shaking equal
volumes of solutions of different samples
having the same concentration with the same
force for same amount of time or for an
equal number of times(i.e., 5times say).
when soap is shaken with water it becomes a
colloidal soapn solution. the foam is formed
in the space above the container.
MOLECULAR FORMULA OF SOAP
MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS
• Six 100ml conical flasks.
• Six test tubes.
• 100ml of measuring cyclinder.
• Test tube stand
• Weighing machine
• Stop watch.
CHEMICAL REQUIRES:-
* six different soaps samples
* Distilled water.
* Tap water
1). Take six 100ml of
conical flask and and
label them :-
A,B,C,D,E,F
2). Take 50 ml of distalled water in
each c.flask and add 5gm of
different samples in each flask and
warm to dissolve and get clear
solution and put in diff.. test tube
3). Take 1ml of s0ap solution from each
conical flask and add 100ml of water to
the test-tube. Repeat the same process for
each soap solution in diff test tubess.
4). Shake the tesat tube for 1 min by
covering it’s mouth with the thumb. Do
the same for all test tubes......
PROC
MIND 5). Foam will be formed in the test tube.
Start the stopwatch and note the time
MAP
EDU taken for the disapperance of Foam.
RE
6). Rewpeat the same process,
Shaking each tube with same force and
nothing the time taken for the
disapperance of the Foam.
Soaps are primarily made from synthetic surfactants,
vegetable oils (such as palm kernel) and salts of animal
fats (tallow). In some countries, Soaps are derived from
tallow, and for this reason it is not considered vegan,
unlike vegetable oil based soaps.
Sample ofdifferent saoaps.
 OBSERVATION TABLES
The volume of thr soap volume me of water Time is taken for
Soap sample/ test-tube
solution taken added disappering form

1, Lux 1ml 10ml

2, Dove 1ml 10ml

3, Dettol 1m 10ml

4, Santoor 1ml 10ml

5, Lifeboy 1ml 10ml

6). Lilly 1ml 10ml

 Factors of effect on the addition of Sodium carbonate.
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), also known as soda ash or washing soda,
can have several effects on the foaming of soap, depending on its
concentration and how it is used. Here are some potential effects:
• . Adjustment of pH: Sodium carbonate is an alkaline compound, and
when added to soap, it can increase the pH of the solution. Soap
typically works best in a slightly alkaline environment. By adjusting
the pH with sodium carbonate, you can enhance the cleaning and
foaming properties of soap.

.Removal of hardness :When sodium or potassium soaps are put

into water containing calcium and magnesium ions (Hard water),
results in formation of scum which applies grey appearance on the
cloth.
 to achieve the same washing or cleaning action, more soap must
be added.
2C17H35COONa +Ca2+ →(C17H35COO) 2 Ca +2Na+ (Water
soluble) (scum)
Hard water is water that has high mineral content (mainly calcium and
magnesium ions) (in contrast with soft water). Hard water minerals
primarily consist of calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) metal
cations, and sometimes other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates
and sulphates. Calcium usually enters the water as either calcium
carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of limestone and chalk, or calcium
sulphate (CaSO4), in the form of other mineral deposites.
 When Na2CO3 is added to tap water the
calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) ions
precipitate as their carbonates.

i.e. foaming capacity of soap increases.

Ca2++ Na2 CO3 →CaCO3 + 2Na+ Mg2++
Na2CO3 →MgCO3 + 2Na
 RESULT AND CONCLUSION
The cleasing capacity of the soaps taken
is in the
order. .........>.......>......>.......>.......
From this experiment, wer can refer
tht.... has the highest foaming capacity
and is the best quality soap among the
soaps tested,in other words, the highest
claning capacity.
 REFERENCES

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/foaming
• http://pioneer practical book.com
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/washing soap
• http://www.slideshare.net/nsp.com
THANK YOU!
Question
Time