PHILIPPIN

E
HISTORY
 PRE-COLONIAL

How ISLAM got here in the Philippines?

Shariff Kabungsuwan traded
14th Century
in Lanao, then he became the
Mudum introduced Islam to
First Sultan of
Malaysia.
Maguindanao.

1380 Abu Bakr established Sulu

Mudum preached Islam in Sultanate, patterned after
Sulu. Sultanate of Arabia.

1390 1450
Raja Baginda arrived and Abu Bakr arrived at Sulu,
converted some Sulu natives. then married Baginda’s
daughter, Paramisuli.
 INFLUENCES OF OTHER
CHINA
COUNTRIES INDIA
Ancient Filipinos traded with
the Chinese during the Sung
Dynasty
Influences were mainly
economic
Use of umbrella’s, gongs, lead,
porcelain
Influences were mainly
reflected in the local languages
Waist looms, textiles, modern
Barong Tagalog, and veils are
similar to their counter parts in
India

Manufacturing of gunpowder,
metallurgy
Arranging the marriages of
children by parents
Wearing white shirts or dresses
as a sign of mourning
 CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES

EDUCATION

 Baybayin: 17 letters (3 vowels, 14 consonants)

 Artifacts depicting other writing systems:

1. Calatagan Earthenware Pot (Batangas)
2. Butuan Silver Paleograph
3. Laguna Copperplate (is about a clearance of debt)
ORNAMENTS

 Visayans were the most tattoed among ancient Filipinos. When the
Spaniards came, they called the former as pintados.

ARTS

 BUL-OL: (Mountain Province) represents a spirit which the people revere

 SOCIAL CLASSES
TAGALOGS VISAYANS
1. Namamahay – has a family and 1. Tumataban – worked for his/her
house of his own master when summoned to do so
2. Sagigilid – has no property at all, 2. Tumarampuk – worked one day for
and has to seek permission to his/her his/her master
master if he/she wants to marry 3. Ayuey – worked three days for
his/her master

MARRIAGE CUSTOMS

 Pamumulungan/Pamamalae – a courtship right before a marriage

 IN MUSLIM STAGES:
1. Panalanguni (betrothal)
2. Pedsungud (settlement of dowry)
3. Pegkawing (wedding festival)

 Bigay-kaya/dowry - consists of land, gold, or dependents

 GOVERNMENT
 The Chieftain exercised all the functions of government.
 The Barangay consisted of 30 to 100 families.

BURIAL
 Morotal (Mourning of a woman)
 Maglahi (Mourning of a man)
 Laraw (Mourning of a chieftain)
 Pasiyam (ninth day of death was celebrated)

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
 KATALONA (Tagalog/Kapampangan) and BABAYLAN (Visayas) were the
spiritual leaders.
 Pangunahing Diyos:
 Bathala (Tagalog)
 Abba (Cebuano)
 Laon (Bisaya)

ECONOMIC LIFE
 PILONCITOS – considered as first monetary system of the country
 LANGUAGES

8 MAJOR LANGUAGES CONSIDERED DURING PRE-COLONIAL ERA

 Hiligaynon
 Magindanao
 Ilokano
 Sugbuhanon
 Kapampangan
 Samarnon
 Tagalog
 Pangasinan

 Other languages came from the Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesian

language.
 TAGALOG language have 4 qualities of the 4 greatest languages of the world
and these are the following:
 Hebrew (mysticism and difficulties)
 Greek (distinctive terms)
 Latin (fullness and elegance)
 Spanish (civility and courtesy)
 SPANISH PERIOD
EUROPE’S INTEREST TO “NEW LANDS”
Marco Polo – a Venetian traveler who reached
China and even became a government official
during Yuan Dynasty.
 In his stay, he was able to write “The
Travels of Marco Polo”, which sparked the
European interest to see the wealth of Asia.
Fall of Constantinople – Asia Minor (Turkey)
was an important route for trade between
Europe and Asia.
 In 1453, Turkish Muslims conquered this
area and imposed high taxes for anyone
who wants to get to the other side.
New Technologies
 Caravel (sailing vessel)
 Compass (used for directions)
 Astrolabe (used to determine distance from
equator)
Portugal – spearheaded maritime discovery of
NEW LANDS
Treaty of Tordesillas – authored by Pope
Alexander VI to settle conflicts on new lands
discovered by explorers.
Age of Discovery and Exploration – Period of
history wherein European countries secure
colonies overseas for themselves
 FERDINAND MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION

QUICK FACTS:
 He has 250 to 270 mens

 Five ships:
 Trinidad (Main Ship)
 San Antonio
 Concepcion
 Santiago (Smallest Ship)
 Victoria (only one ship to return Spain)

 Marianas Islands are called Ladrones or “Land of the Thieves”.

 Homonhon – place where Magellan first landed

 Enrique – Malay slave who interpreted the languages for Magellan

 Limasawa – where the First Mass was held

 Antonio Pigafetta – recorded the travels of Magellan

 RESULTS OF FERDINAND MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION

 Proved that the world is round, or oblate spheroid

 Surfaced a need to have an International Date Line
 First global circumnavigation
 Proved existence of Pacific Ocean
OTHER SPANISH EXPEDITIONS

LOAISA (1525)
Goal: Make Moluccas a colony of Spain.
Results:
 Loaisa died in Pacific
 Del Cano died later during voyage
 Andres de Urdaneta returned with only a ship (Santa Maria de la Victoria) left
out of seven explorers.

Cabot (1526)
Goal: Establish trade between Spain and East Countries
Results: Instead, he went to Rio de Plata, which is rumored to be a wealthier
piece of land.
 Saavedra (1527)
Goals: Find survivors from Magellan’s voyage and find out what
happened to Loaisa’s and Cabot’s expedition.
Results:
 He was able to rescue survivors from Magellan’s and Loaisa’s
expedition.
 Saavedra died during voyage and his crew was captured by
Portugal.
Villalobos (1542)
Goal: Establish a permanent Spanish port in the Philippines.
Results:
 Villalobos gave the name “Las Islas Filipinas” to the
Philippines.
 He and his crew were captured by Portugal and Villalobos died
in prison because of fever.
 Legazpi (1564)
Goal: Still establish a permanent Spanish port in the Philippines
Results:
1. Had blood compact with Sikatana and Sigala in Bohol.
2. Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus – first Spanish town
established in the country (known as Cebu City)
3. Urdaneta Passage – Urdaneta (Legazpi’s Chief Pilot) discovered a
route via the Pacific to Natividad, Mexico. This sea lane is later to be
used in the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade.
4. June 3, 1571 – Legazpi became first governor-general of the country
5. June 24, 1571 – Manila became the capital city of the Spanish East
Indies, and the second city to be established by Spain.
6. Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Espana – title given to Manila
 POLITICAL STRUCTURE

NATIONAL LEVEL
 Governador-General – president of Real Audencia
- has power on ecclesiastical appointments

PROVINCIAL LEVEL
1. Some Corregimientos: Mariveles, Mindoro, Panay
2. Indulto de Comercio – special privilege by the Alcalde Mayor to engage in
trade (but abolished by Reform Decree of 1866 turning the Alcalde Mayor from
a businessman into judge)
3. Alcalde Mayor has the executive, judicial, and military functions.
4. The Eight Ayuntaminetos (by 1894):
 Manila
 Iloilo
 Jaro
 Vigan
 Albay
 Cebu
 Batangas
 Nueva Caceres
 POLITICAL STRUCTURE

KING OF SPAIN

VISTA AND RESIDENCIA

MINISTRY OF COLONIES To check the abuse of power of the
(formerly Council of the Indies) royal officials
-Overseer of Spanish Colonies

GOVERNOR-GENERAL
Commander-in-Chief REAL AUDENCIA
of Army & Navy Supreme Court
-President of Real Audencia

GOBERNORCILLO CABEZA DE
ALCALDE MAYOR Head of Municipio/Pueblo BARANGAY
Head of Alcadia/Provincial or Highest office that a Filipino Head of Barrio
the pacified places or Chinese can hold Government

CORREGIDORIES AYUNTAMENTO
Head of unpacified ZONES City Government
  RESIDENCIA - judicially reviews an official at the end of his term of
 VISITA - visits an individual official or as a general at any given time within the
official’s term
CHANGES UNDER SPANISH RULE
ECONOMIC
 Tributo/Buwis - direct tax POLO Y SERVICIO PERSONAL
 Bandala - indirect tax; an enforced sale of  16 to 60 years old males
goods  this is work without compensation
 Samboangan - tax to crush Moro raids  Falla - money paid to be exempted from
 Cedula Personal - replaced tribute; paid by polo y servicio
anyone who is over 18 years old above  worked for 40 days
 Encomienda - a grant of Spanish authority  then in 1884, was reduced to 15 days
to a Spaniard, who proved his loyalty to and  male population declined
efforts for the glory of Spain, to exercise
control over a piece of land, and even its Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
inhabitants.  was the only regular fleet service in the
 2 Kinds of Encomienda: Pacific Ocean for 250 years and had 2
1. Encomienda de la Real Corona vessels
- lands reserve for the Spanish monarchs  only Filipino involvement was the
2. Encomienda de Particulares construction of the vessels/galleons
- lands for the King’s loyal men  Positive Results: Intercultural exchanges
between Philippines and Mexico
 ROYAL ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF
FRIENDS OF THE COUNTRY
 Established by Gov.-Gen. Basco and
through this, the monopoly of tobacco
arises
ROYAL PHILIPPINE COMPANY
 Effort un uniting American and Asian
Commerce, and having direct trade
between Spain and Philippines.
FERROCARIL DE MANILA
- only railway line in the country that
connects Manila to Dagupan
PUENTE COLGANTE (Quezon Bridge)
 first suspension bridge in the Far East
 Lamps were powered first by coconut oil

EDUCATIONAL
FOR BOYS:
1. Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio - 1st college for boys
2. Colegio de Ildefonso - sole secondary school outside Manila
3. Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santisimo Rosario - known as UST today
4. Escuela Pia - known as ADMU today
5. Colegio de San Juan de Letran - oldest college in Philippines and oldest
secondary in ASIA.

FOR GIRLS:
1. Colegios of Santa Potenciana - 1st school for girls
2. Colegio de Santa Isabel - oldest college for girls which operates up to the
present
 EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF 1863
 free, compulsory, public primary schools
 at least two schools: one for boys and one for girls
 Learners: 6 to 14 years old
 required to teach the following:
 Christian doctrine
 Spanish history
 reading and writing
SOCIO-CULTURAL
1. Gov.-Gen. Narciso Claveria made the Filipinos adopt Spanish surnames in his
Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos.
2. Males are wearing Barong Tagalog or Camisa de Chino, and trousers.
3. Fiestas, which is a celebration of a saint is introduced.
4. Dominican priests, headed by Fr. Francisco Blancas de San Jose, introduced
movable block printing.
5. Doctrina Christiana (1903) was the first published book in the country.
6. Tomas Pinpin was known as “Prince of Filipino Publishers”.
7. Fr. Diego Cerra made the Las Pinas Bamboo Organ in 1818, which up to the
present, the only one of its kind in the world.
8. The first museum, Mueso-Biblioteca de Filipinas was completed in 1892.
9. Damian Domingo was known as “Father of Filipino Painters”.
10. Rise of Social Classes:
a. Peninsulares - Spanish who was born in Spain and lived in the Philippines
b. Insulares - Spanish who was born and lived in Philippines, called as the
“original” Filipinos
c. Mestizos - mix of both Spanish and Indio. They were regarded inferior people by
both Spanish and Filipinos.
d. Indio - native Filipino
e. Chinese merchants

REASONS FOR THE FAILURE OF REVOLTS

1. Lack and Weak Weaponry - their captors have guns and cannon while our
ancestors only have spears and bolos.
2. Lack of Strategy and some Filipinos worked for the Spanish benefits.
3. Lack of an excellent leader
4. Geographical setting - early Filipinos were conditioned to live separately from
each other, making uprisings small-scale and easy to repress. This cause a
communication gap.
5. No Lingua Franca - there was not even a national language for the early
Filipinos to unite and to have a discourage to each other smoothly.
 Reactions and Uprisings of Filipinos to the Spaniards
 First Filipino to revolt were Lapu-Lapu of Mactan (1521) and Dagami of Cebu (1567).
LEADER PLACE REASON
Lakan Dula Manila Resisted Spanish imposed taxes
Magat Salamat Manila Tried to get rid of Spaniards
Magalat Cagayan Resisted Spanish imposed taxes
Bankaw Leyte Wanted to revert back to former beliefs
Tamblot Bohol Wanted to revert back to former beliefs
Juan Ponce Sumuroy Samar Resisted order of Gov. Fajardo to send Samarnons to
Cavite to construct ships
Francisco Maniago Pampanga Unjust and delayed compensation
Andres Malong Pangasinan Abuse of Spanish Officials
Tapar Panay Wanted to revert back to former beliefs
Francisco Dagohoy Bohol Fr. Gaspar Morales refused to give his brother a
Christian burial
Diego and Gabriela Vigan, Ilocus Resisted Spanish imposed taxes
Silang Sur
Palaris Pangasinan Resisted Spanish imposed taxes
Apolinario dela Cruz Quezon Spanish friars didn’t recognize his Cofradia de San
Jose
 RISE OF THE NATIONALISM
1. Philippines opened to world commerce
- Mail services, banking facilities, and newspapers begin to surface and to spread.
The Suez Canal was opened, making the time traveled from Europe to Asia much
shorter.
2. The rise of a middle class or ilustrado preceded a development in agriculture
and in entrepreneurship.
3. European liberalism came to the Philippines:
a. John Locke - In his “Two Treatises on Government” (1869), if a king did not
exercise justly his powers, his subjects had the rights to throw him out of position.
b. Jean Jacques Rosseau - In his “The Social Contract” (1762), if a government
doesn’t satisfy the needs of its people, then the people can alter the government to
the type of government they deemed to be rightly established.
 This was when the Age of Enlightenment and French Revolution happened in
Europe.
4. Racial Discrimination - “The Spaniards will always be a Spaniard, and the Indio
will always be an Indio... The monkey will always be a monkey, however you dress
him with shirt and trousers, and will always be a monkey and not human.” - Fr.
Miguel Lucio y Bustamante, Si Tandang Basio Macunat (Manila, 1885).
5. Secularization Movement - Secularization, a transfer of ministries
established by the regular clergy to the seculars, became a political and
separatist movement. This paved the way for the Filipinization of the
church. The Spanish never trusted the Filipino Friars to head their own
ministries.
6. Carlos Maria dela Torre’s Administration - he worked for
changing the punishment of flogging Filipino prisoners to a month in
jail, proclaimed freedom of speech, and even attending a meeting of a
rebel leader, Casimiro Camerino.
7. Cavity Mutiny - Gov.-Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo, who followed after
dela Torre, abolished his predecessor’s changes. Sgt. Lamadrid led
this conquest and eventually killed the governor-general. The uprising
was blamed to three priests.
8. Execution of GomBurZa - Francisco Zaldua witnessed against the
three martyrs (Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora). Their
execution was the Spaniards answer to the Secularization protest.
Filipino did not receive this very well.
 PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPAGANDISTS:

1. Exercise equality for both Spanish and Filipinos.
2. Recognize freedom of speech, press, and association.
3. Annex Philippines as a province of Spain.
4. Provide representation of the Philippines to the Spanish Court.
5. Allow secularization.
GREAT REFORMISTS:

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

Born: December 17, 1856 at Jaro, Iloilo
Known as: Great Orator
Penname: Diego Laura
Work:
1. Fray Botod - deals with the abuses and crimes committed by a friar named
Botod.
2. He became the first editor of La Solidaridad, which is the mouthpiece of the
Filipino propagandists in Spain.
Died: January 20, 1896 at Barcelona, Spain; died of tuberculosis at 39 years old
Note: His remains is still in Barcelona, Spain
 JOSE RIZAL (Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda)

Born: June 19, 1861 at Calamba, Laguna

Known as: Greatest man that the Malay race produced
Pennames: Laong Laan, Dimasalang

Works (among others):

1. Noli Me Tangere - a solo-historical novel on the situation of the
Philippines under friars greed
2. El Filibusterismo - a political novel predicting the coming of a
revolution. In this work, he implied that a peaceful revolution will work
rather than an armed one.
3. Makamisa - the third but unfinished novel. It is written in Tagalog
and has only one chapter and ten pages in it.
Died: December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan, Manila; died by execution
of firing squad at only 35 years old
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Born: August 30, 1850 at Bulacan

Known as: Father of Philippine Journalism (the journalist among the
three), Father of Philippine Masonry, Political Analyst
Pennames: Plaridel, Dolores Mandapat, Piping Dilat, Siling Labuyo,
Kupang

Works:
1. Diariong Tagalog - a nationalistic newspaper
2. Dasalan at Toksohan - parody of the prayer book
3. Ten Commandments of the Friars - his comedic version of 10
Commandments
4. He became the second editor of La Solidaridad.

Died: July 4, 1896 at Barcelona, Spain; died of tuberculosis at 45 years

old
 FAILURE REASONS OF REFORM MOVEMENT
1. Philippines is pre-occupied in dealing with its own internal
problems.
2. There was a lack of and difficulty in collecting monetary
contributions.
3. Propagandists were having issues with other propagandists.
LA LIGA FILIPINA
 Civic organization created by Rizal in Tondo, Manila.

OBJECTIVES:
1. To uphold unity and cooperation amongst its members.
2. To develop the agriculture, commerce, and education sectors.
3. To administer reforms within the government and the society
 La Liga didn’t last long as the organization was perceived as a threat
by the Spaniards. Rizal was captured and exiled to Dapitan,
Zamboanga. This marked the end of the propaganda movement.
 KATIPUNAN (Kataas-taasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan
nang mga Anak ng Bayan)
OBJECTIVES:
1. Political - separation of Philippines from Spain
2. Moral - teaching of good manners and morals
3. Civic - developing a sense of self-help and defense of the oppressed

STRUCTURE:
1. Kataas-taasang Sanggunian - highest governing body
2. Sangguniang Bayan - provincial body
3. Sangguniang Balangay - municipal body
4. Sangguniang Panghukuman - serves as the judicial body

MEMBERSHIP:
1. Katipon 2. Kawal
Password: Anak ng Bayan Password: Gomburza
Marker: Black hood Marker: Green hood

3. Bayani
Password: Rizal
Marker: Red mask
 KARTILLA - the Bible of the Katipunan
 1893 - year when KKK started accepting women applicants
 TEODORO PATINO - through him, the secret society was revealed
to Mariano Gil
 CRY OF PUGADLAWIN - the beginning of Philippine Revolution
against the Spanish on August 23, 1896

EMILIO JACINTO

Born: December 15, 1875

Pennames: Pingkian, Dimas-Ilaw, Brains of the Katipunan

Contributions:
 Serve as the editor of Kalayaan (the official newspaper of KKK)
ANDRES BONIFACIO
Born: November 30, 1863
Pennames: Agapito Bagumbayan, May Pag-asa, Supremo, The Great
Plebeian
Died: Bonifacio was executed by the revolutionary government of
Emilio Aguinaldo in 1897.

Works:
1. Translated Mi Ultimo Adios into Tagalog
2. Dekalogo ng Katipunan
3. He is “The Father of the Philippine Revolution”

 Monica - first wife of Bonifacio

 Gregoria de Jesus - second wife of Bonifacio
 Bonifacio wanted to seek the advice of Rizal towards the former’s
revolution through Dr. Pio Valenzuela. But Rizal opposed to this
because he viewed that the country is not yet ready for it.
 1896 REVOLUTION AND THE FOLLOWING YEARS:
 Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite - were Filipino patriots in Cavite who
were executed and as a response to the revolution
 Camilo de Polavieja - the governor-general in office when Rizal was
executed
 Tejeros Convention - the meeting held between the Magdiwang and
Magdalo factions of the Katipunan at San Franscisco de Malabon
 Daniel Tirona - questioned the credibility of Bonifacio as the Director
of the Interior
 Agapito Bonzon - led the arrest of Bonifacio
 Primo de Rivera - the governor-general in office when the Spanish
searched for Aguinaldo
 Biak-na-Bato Republic - the first republic ever declared in the
Philippines
 Biak-na-Bato Pact - disestablished the government and signed by
Aguinaldo and de Rivera which included provision for exile of
Aguinaldo and key associates to Hongkong
Malolos Congress - was the constituent assembly of the
First Philippine Republic
Pedro Paterno - President of the Congress
Malolos Constitution - the basic law of the First
Philippine Republic written by Felipe Calderon and Felipe
Buencamino
Gregorio del Pilar - Hero of Tirad Pass
Januario Galot - led U.S. troops to the location for the
latter to defeat the forces of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar
Frederich Funston - leader of the American forces who
arrested Aguinaldo
Gregorio Aglipay - founded the Iglesia Filipina
Independiente
 AMERICAN PERIOD
 Wesley Merritt - the first American Governor-General of the Philippines

 William McKinley - US President who recommended a Benevolent Assimilation

 Benovolent Assimilation - “future control, disposition, and government of the

Philippine Islands were ceded to the United States”

 Elwell Otis - the Governor-General who received the orders for a Benevolent
Assimilation

 Schurman Commission - to study the situation in the Philippines and make

recommendations on how the U.S. should proceed

 Cooper Act of 1902 - provided a Bill of Rights for the Filipinos, created a lower
legislative branch with elected Filipino representatives as legislators

 Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act - U.S. imported goods have no quota and no tariff;
Philippines exported goods have no tariff but has a quota
 Simmons-Underwood Tariff Act - lifted the quota of Philippines exported goods
 Francis Burton Harrison - the American Governor-General in office
when the Philippinization movement started
 Jones Law/Philippine Autonomy Act - changed the Philippine
Legislature into the Philippines first fully elected body
 Wood-Forbes Mission - fact-finding commission sent to the
Philippines by U.S. President Warren Harding which concluded that
Filipinos were not yet ready for independence from the United States
 Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act - the first U.S. law passed setting a process
and a date for the Philippines to gain independence
 Tydings-McDuffie Law - under the act, the 1935 Constitution of the
Philippines was written and established the Commonwealth of the
Philippines with the first directly elected President of the Philippines
 1937 - year when Filipinas are allowed to exercise their right to
suffrage
 Carmen Planas - first elected woman to the Manila City Council
 Elisa R. Ochoa - first elected woman to the Congress
 JAPANESE OCCUPATION

December 7, 1941 - Japanese bombed Clark Air Based Field

December 9, 1941 - Japanese bombed Manila
December 10, 1941 - Japanese soldiers arrived at Batanes and Northern Luzon
December 26, 1941 - Douglas MacArthur made Manila an Open City
The Fall of Bataan - Gen. Edward P. King surrendered in behalf of US forces to
Colonel Nakayama
April 9, 1942 - start of Death March
The Fall of Corregidor - U.S. forces surrendered to General Masaharu Homma
KALIBAPI - the only political party allowed

Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence:

 Its president is Jose P. Laurel, whose task is to draft a new constitution
 1943 Constitution and No Vice-President
 The president is more powerful than the Court and the unicameral legislative body
 The National Assembly is unicameral and Bill of Rights is set aside.

HUKBALAHAP - founded by Luis Taruc, Jesus Lava, and Jose Banal

MAKAPILI - a military group to give aid to the Imperial Japanese Army and
organized by Benigno Ramos and Artemio Ricarte
"A generation which ignores history has no past and no future."
-Robert Heinlein

"We are not makers of history. We are made by history."

-Martin Luther King, Jr.

"There is a history in all men's lives."

-William Shakespeare

"Ideas shape the course of history."

-John Maynard Keynes