Week 2 Pe 3032 Block Diag Signal and Mason Feb 28

12/03/2023
BLOCK DIAGRAMS
Prof. Charlton S. Inao

Professor Charlton S. Inao
PE- 3032 Control System Engineering
Defence Engineering College
1 Bishoftu, Ethiopia
12/03/2023 Prof. Charlton S. Inao
2
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
12/03/2023
To understand and manipulate the following:
1)Block diagrams operations to represent control system

2) Canonical Form of feedback control system
3) Block diagram Transformation
4) Block diagram Reduction
5) Examples
6) Homework and Assignment
3
CONCEPT OF TRANSFER FUNCTION
12/03/2023
 Block Diagram: Pictorial representation of functions performed by each

component of a system and that of flow of signals.
4
TRANSFER FUNCTION : GENERALIZED
STATEMENT
12/03/2023
5
6
CONCEPT OF TRANSFER FUNCTION
TERMINOLOGY OF TRANSFER FUNCTION
12/03/2023
7
8
BLOCK DIAGRAM TRANSFORMATIONS
SOURCE: OWONBULU
12/03/2023
9
10
BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER
FUNCTIONS (SOURCE: SCHAUM’S OUTLINE- MORE COMPLETE)
12/03/2023
11
12
13
SUMMARY OF BLOCK DIAGRAM
REDUCTION
12/03/2023
14
SUMMARY OF BLOCK DIAGRAM
REDUCTION
12/03/2023
15
16
BLOCK DIAGRAM SIMPLIFICATION
17
18
12/03/2023
C(s)+ G(s)H(s)C(s)=G(s)R(s)
19
20
21
EXAMPLE 1
22
EXAMPLE 2
23
EXAMPLE 3
24
EXAMPLE 4
25
EXAMPLE 5
Breaker: Sample Problems from Control
Engineering by W. Bolton
12/03/2023
SIMPLIFY THE FOLLOWING BLOCK DIAGRAMS

Solution
26
PROBLEM: WHAT IS THE OVER ALL TRANSFER
FUNCTION OF THE FOLLOWING SYSTEMS.
12/03/2023
Answers:
27
28
Continuation……..
EXAMPLE 6
29
EXAMPLE 6
30
EXAMPLE 6
EXAMPLE 7 : MULTIPLE LOOP FEEDBACK
CONTROL SYSTEM
12/03/2023
The denominator equation would be:
31
32
Step 1
33
G4
1
STEP 2
34
STEP 3
STEP 4 MULTIPLY CASCADED BLOCKS
12/03/2023
Step 5 Eliminating a feedback loop
35
STEP 5 ELIMINATING A FEED BACK LOOP
12/03/2023
Rule
G 2 G3 G 4
1  G3G4 H1
G 2 G3 G 4 H2
1- ( )
1  G3G4 H1 G4 36
Step 6
G 2 G3 G 4
1  G3G4 H1 1
*
G 2 G3 G 4 H2
12/03/2023
1- ( )
1  G3G4 H1 G4

G 2 G3 G 4
1  G3G4 H1 1
*
1  (G3G4 H1 G 2 G3 G 4 ) H2
- ( )
1  G3G4 H1 1  G3G4 H1 G4
G 2 G3 G 4
1  G3G4 H1 1
*
1  (G3G4 H1  G 2 G3 G 4 ) H2
( )
1  G3G4 H1 G4
37
Step 7 G 2 G3 G 4
1  G3G4 H1
*
1
1  G3G4 H1  G 2G 3G 4 H2
( )
1  G3G4 H1
12/03/2023
G4
then

G 2 G3 G 4
1
*
1  G3G4 H1  G 2G 3 H2
Multiply cascade blocks
38
From
12/03/2023
Step 8
Eliminating a feedback loop

Rule:
G1G2G3G4
1  G3G4 H1  G2G3 H 2
G1G2G3G4
1 ( )H3
1  G3G4 H1  G2G3 H 2
39
G1G2G3G4
1  G3G4 H1  G2G3 H 2
1  G3G4 H1  G2G3 H 2  G1G2G3G4
(
12/03/2023
)H3
1  G3G4 H1  G2G3 H 2 1  G3G4 H1  G2G3 H 2

Rs G1G2G3G4 Ys
1  G3G4 H1  G2G3 H 2 G1G2G3G4 H 3


Over all
transfer 40
function
41
EXAMPLE 8
42
parallel
43
44
EXAMPLE 9
45
46
47
EXAMPLE 10
48
49
EXAMPLE 10 FINAL ANSWER
ASSIGNMENT /HOMEWORK
Reduce/Simplify the following block diagram into its overall transfer function,
isolating block H1
12/03/2023
Problem No. 1

Solution
50
 Problem No. 2
12/03/2023
Simplify the block diagram by isolating feedback transfer function H2

Solution
51
52
Problem No.3
Solution
PROBLEM NO.4 REDUCE THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE
FIG. BELOW TO CANONICAL FORM, ISOLATING BLOCK K
IN THE FORWARD LOOP.
12/03/2023
Solution
53
PROBLEM NO. 5. REDUCE THE BLOCK
DIAGRAM BELOW INTO OPEN LOOP FORM.
12/03/2023
Solution
54
55
CLASS ACTIVITY
Control System Engineering
PE-3032
Prof. CHARLTON S. INAO
Defence Engineering College,
Debre Zeit , Ethiopia
WEEK 2
TOPIC:
SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH

MASON’S RULE
SIGNAL-FLOW GRAPHS
Transfer
function
Nodes Branch
61
62
Solved Exercises:
1. Draw signal flow graph for the following equations:
ALTERNATIVEL
Y
OR
SIGNAL-FLOW GRAPHS CONT…..
Signal-flow graphs are an alternative to block diagrams. Unlike block
diagrams, which consist of blocks, signals, summing junctions, and
pickoff points, a signal-flow graph consists only of branches, which
represent systems, and nodes, which represent signals. These elements are
shown in Figure 1(a) and (b), respectively. A system is represented by a
line with an arrow showing the direction of signal flow through the
system. Adjacent to the line we write the transfer function. A signal is a
node with the signal's name written adjacent to the node.
FIGURE 1.Signal-flow graph

components: a. system; b. signal;
c interconnection of systems and
signals
FIGURE 1
Figure 1(c) shows the interconnection of the systems and the signals. Each
signal is the sum of signals flowing into it. For example, the signal
The signal
The signal
Notice that in summing negative signals we associate the negative sign with the
system and not with a summing junction, as in the case of block diagrams.
To show the parallel between block diagrams and signal-flow graphs, we

will take a block diagram form and convert them to signal flow graphs in 1st
Example. We will first convert the signals to nodes and then interconnect
the nodes with system branches. In Example 2, we will convert an intricate
block diagram to a signal-flow graph.
EXAMPLE 1: CONVERTING COMMON BLOCK DIAGRAMS TO SIGNAL-FLOW GRAPHS
PROBLEM: Convert the cascaded, parallel, and feedback forms of the block diagrams
shown in Figures (a), (b), and (c), respectively, into signal-flow graphs.
In each case, we start by
drawing the signal nodes SOLUTION:
for that system. Next we
interconnect the signal
nodes with system
branches. The signal
nodes for the cascaded,
parallel, and feedback
forms are shown in
Figure 2(a), (c), and (e),
respectively. The
interconnection of the
nodes with branches that
represent the subsystems
is shown in Figure 2(c),
(d), and (F) for the
cascaded, parallel, and
feedback forms,
respectively.
Figure 2
EXAMPLE 2: CONVERTING A BLOCK DIAGRAM TO A SIGNAL-
FLOW GRAPH
PROBLEM: Convert the block diagram of Figure 3 to a signal-flow graph.
Figure 3
SOLUTION:
Begin by drawing the signal
nodes, as shown in Figure (a).
Next, interconnect the nodes,
showing the direction of signal
flow and identifying each transfer
function. The result is shown in
Figure (b). Notice that the
negative signs at the summing
junctions of the block diagram are
represented by the negative
transfer functions of the signal-
flow graph. Finally, if desired,
simplify the signal-flow graph to
the one shown in Figure (c) by
eliminating signals that have a
single flow in and a single flow
out, such as V2(s), V6(s), V7(s),
and Vs(s).
MASON'S RULE
 We discussed how to reduce block diagrams to single transfer
functions. Now we are ready to discuss a technique for reducing
signal-flow graphs to single transfer functions that relate the
output of a system to its input.
 The block diagram reduction technique requires successive
application of fundamental relationships in order to arrive at the
system transfer function. On the other hand, Mason's rule for
reducing a signal-flow graph to a single transfer function requires
the application of one formula. The formula was derived by S. J.
Mason when he related the signal-flow graph to the simultaneous
equations that can be written from the graph (Mason, 1953).
 In general, it can be complicated to implement the formula
without making mistakes. Specifically, the existence of what
we will later call non touching loops increases the
complexity of the formula.
 However, many systems do not have non-touching loops.
For these systems, you may find Mason's rule easier to use
than block diagram reduction.
 Mason's formula has several components that must be
evaluated.
 First, we must be sure that the definitions of the components
are well understood.
 Then we must exert care in evaluating the components. To that
end, we discuss some basic definitions applicable to signal-
flow graphs; then we state Mason's rule and do an example.
DEFINITIONS:
Loop gain. The product of branch
gains found by traversing a path that
starts at a node and ends at the same
node, following the direction of the
signal flow, without passing through
any other node more than once. For
examples of loop gains, see Figure 3.
There are four loop gains:
Figure 3
Forward-path gain. The product of gains found by traversing a path from
the input node to the output node of the signal-flow graph in the direction of
signal flow. Examples of forward-path gains are also shown in Figure 3. There
are two forward-path gains:
Nontouching loops. Loops that do not have any nodes in

common. In Figure 3, loop G2(s)H1(s) does not touch loops
G4(s)H2(s), G4(s)G5(s)H3(s), and G4(s)G6(s)H3(s).
Nontouching-loop gain. The product of loop gains from
nontouching loops taken two, three, four, or more at a time. In
Figure 3 the product of loop gain G2(s)H1(s) and loop gain
G4(s)H2(s) is a nontouching-loop gain taken two at a time. In
summary, all three of the nontouching-loop gains taken two at a time
are
The product of loop gains [G4(s)G5(s)H3(s)][G4(s)G6(s)H3(s)] is not a

nontouching loop gain since these two loops have nodes in common. In our
example there are no nontouching-loop gains taken three at a time since three
nontouching loops do not exist in the example.
We are now ready to state Mason's rule.

MASON'S RULE
The transfer function, C(s)/R(s), of a system represented by a signal-
flow graph is as (GENERAL EQUATION)
78
SOLUTION:
First, identify the forward-path gains. In this example there is only one:
Eq.1
Second, identify the loop gains. There are four, as follows:
Eq.2
Eq.3
Eq.4
Eq.5
Third, identify the nontouching loops taken two at a time. From equations
a, b, c, d and Figure 2, we can see that loop 1 does not touch loop 2, loop
1 does not touch loop 3, and loop 2 does not touch loop 3. Notice that
loops 1, 2, and 3 all touch loop 4. Thus, the combinations of nontouching
loops taken two at a time are as follows:
Eq. 6
Eq. 7
Eq. 9
Finally, the nontouching loops taken three at a time are as follows:
Eq. 10
Now, from General Eq. and its definitions, we form
Hence,
Eq. 11
We form by eliminating from A the loop gains that touch the kth forward path:
Eq. 12
Expressions from Eq. 1, Eq.11, and Eq. 12 are now substituted into GENERAL
EQUATION yielding the transfer function:
Since there is only one forward path, G(s) consists of only one term, rather
than a sum of terms, each coming from a forward path.
Formula
MASON’S RULE – ALTERNATIVE PRESENTATION
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A block diagram of control canonical form is shown below. Find the

transfer function of the system.
2. Find the transfer function of the following system.
3: Find the transfer function of the following system.
4. The block diagram of a closed-loop system is shown below. For simplicity, all
the blocks represent ideal amplifiers. Determine the ratio C/R
3. Find for the system shown below:
4. Find C/R for the system whose block diagram representation is shown below
Solution:
The signal flow graph for the given block diagram presentation
FORWA
RD
PATH
Loops
or
or
HOMEWORK/ASSIGNMENT
1. USING SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH TECHNIQUE, FIND THE OVER
ALL TRANSFER FUNCTION C(S)/R(S)
2.Using signal flow graph technique, find the over all transfer
function C(s)/R(s)

Week 2 Pe 3032 Block Diag Signal and Mason Feb 28

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Week 2 Pe 3032 Block Diag Signal and Mason Feb 28

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

12/03/2023

Prof. Charlton S. Inao

Prof. Charlton S. Inao

Prof. Charlton S. Inao

Prof. Charlton S. Inao

Prof. Charlton S. Inao

Prof. Charlton S. Inao

Multiply cascade blocks

Eliminating a feedback loop

Prof. Charlton S. Inao

Prof. Charlton S. Inao

1  G3G4 H1  G2G3 H 2 G1G2G3G4 H 3

Prof. Charlton S. Inao

Prof. Charlton S. Inao

SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH

FIGURE 1.Signal-flow graph

To show the parallel between block diagrams and signal-flow graphs, we

PROBLEM: Convert the block diagram of Figure 3 to a signal-flow graph.

Nontouching loops. Loops that do not have any nodes in

The product of loop gains [G4(s)G5(s)H3(s)][G4(s)G6(s)H3(s)] is not a

We are now ready to state Mason's rule.

Second, identify the loop gains. There are four, as follows:

Finally, the nontouching loops taken three at a time are as follows:

1. A block diagram of control canonical form is shown below. Find the

You might also like