EET284

ENERGY SYSTEMS
 Energy
• Energy is the capacity for doing work, generating heat and
emitting light
• Energy is measured in units of calorie and joule.
• In this era, energy is created in enormous quantities.
• It exists in various forms such as mechanical, thermal,
electrical etc. one form of energy can be converted in to
other by the use of suitable arrangements.
• The different forms of energy are:

1.Mechanical energy (kinetic and potential)

2.Thermal (or) Heat energy
3.Chemical energy
4.Electrical energy
5.Nuclear energy
6.Gravitational energy
Out of all these forms of energy, Electrical energy is more
preferred due to the following advantages:
• It can be easily transported from one place to another.
• Losses in transport are minimum.
• It can be easily subdivided.
• Economical in use.
• It can be easily converted into other forms of energy.
• It can be easily controlled and regulated to suit various
requirements.
Classification of energy sources are summarized below
• Types of energy source • Description
• Primary energy sources
• Secondary energy sources
• Non – Renewable energy
sources
• These are the sources
which can be directly found
in nature or stored in nature
and can be extracted.
• Available in raw form which
needs to be processed first
for utilization.
• Secondary energy sources
are derived from primary
sources in a form of either
final fuel or energy supply.
• These are the energy
sources that are derived
from finite and static stocks
of energy.
• These resources often exist
in a fixed amount and are
consumed much faster than
nature can create them.
Hence the supply of these
fuels is limited.
• Example
• Direct – Coal, Oil, nature
gas, biomass, Stored -
nuclear energy from
radioactive material,
Thermal in earth interior.
• Steam energy from coal,
Refined crude oil products
such as Gasoline, Petrol,
and Electricity.
• It is obtained mostly from
coal, oil and gas,fossil fuels,
nuclear fuels
• Most of the non-renewable
energy sources have high
energy output which is not
observed in renewable
sources.
 World Energy Scenario
• World‘s total primary energy supply comprises non- renewable energy sources
such as oil, natural gas, coal and uranium.Fossil fuels have always had the major
share in the global primary energy consumption.
• World energy consumption is the total energy produced and used by humans.
Typically measured per year, it involves all energy harnessed from every energy
source applied towards activity across all industrial and technological sectors, in
every country.
•
• Renewable energy resources are solar, bio-energy, wind, geothermal etc.
• Till 1800, only biomass was used. Expansion of oil did not begin until 1870.
• Coal consumption has increased significantly by 1900.
• Then, the oil usage increased in the mid of 20th century.
• The world moved in to nuclear electricity production by 1960.
• 
• Till 1990, the renewable energy resources (like solar, wind, tidal etc.) were not
used. After that these resources are being used in larger quantities.
• Other energy resources like geothermal and marine technologies are not
widely used because of smaller amount of production.
• In 2015, the world consumed about 1,46,000 TWh of primary energy. It is 25
times more than in 1800.

• Overall fossil fuel consumption increased approximately 51% in the period of

1995–2015, and it is predicted that the consumption will increase
approximately 18% more in the period of 2015–35.
• It was observed that, in 1995, oil, natural gas, and coal had total primary
energy consumption shares of 38%, 22%, and 26% (87% in total),
respectively;
• that, .
• Even though the share of fossil fuel consumption has decreased and is
predicted to decrease further, they will continue to hold the major share in the
• in 2015, they had total primary energy
consumption shares of 32%, 24%, and 29%
(85% in total), respectively;
• and it is predicted that, by 2035, the shares
will be 29%, 25%, and 24% (78% in total),
respectively, and that a 7% decrease in
fossil fuels share in consumption is predicted
in the global primary energy consumption
• International Energy Agencies predict further
increase in demand for all kinds of non-
renewables.
• Institutions such as the International Energy
Agency (IEA), The U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA), and the European
Environment Agency (EEA) record and
publish energy data periodically.
• From 2000 to 2012 Coal was the source of energy with the total largest
growth. The use of oil and natural gas also had considerable growth,
followed by hydropower and renewable energy.
• Renewable energy grew at a rate faster than any other time in history during
this period. The demand for nuclear energy decreased, in part due to nuclear
disasters (Three Mile Island in 1979, Chernobyl in 1986, and Fukushima in
2011).
• More recently, consumption of coal has declined relative to renewable
energy. Coal dropped from about 29% of the global total primary energy
consumption in 2015 to 27% in 2017, and non-hydro renewables were up to
about 4% from 2%.
• Non-fossil sources included nuclear (4.4%), hydroelectric (6.8%), and other
renewables (4.0%, including geothermal, solar, tidal, wind, wood, and
waste).
• The figure shows the
fossil fuel extraction
remaining for future as on
2013.
 Oil Reserves
• The world‘s oil reserves were estimated at a little over 300 billion barrels in
1963, about 998 billion barrels in 1994, 1016 billion barrels in 2000; but
estimates have increased reserves to more than 1300 billion barrels as 0f
2014.
• About 90% of the worlds proved reserves of crude oil are accounted for
about 15 countries. According to current estimates, 81.5% of the world‘s
proven crude oil reserves are located in OPEC member countries, with the
bulk of OPEC oil reserves in the Middle East, amounting to 65.5% of the
OPEC total.
• OPEC total. Current exploration efforts are bound to prove additional
reserves (especially in countries such as Brazil, Mexico, Norway, India,
Malaysia, Egypt, Australia and other large countries) and it will add
substantially to the known world reserves.
 Natural Gas Reserves
• In contrast to the situation with crude oil, world reserves of natural
gas have steadily increased over the last two decades at a much
faster rate.
• World‘s total proven natural gas reserves at the end of 2014 stood
at 187.1 trillion cubic metres (tcm), sufficient to meet 54.1 years of
global production. Based on data from British Petroleum
Statistical Review, at the end of 2014, proved gas reserves were
dominated by three countries; Iran (34 tcm), Russia (32.6 tcm),
and Qatar (24.5 tcm).
 Nuclear Energy Reserves

• The recent estimates confirm

that the world has very large
quantities of about 5.9 million
tonnes (in 2013) recoverable
uranium reserves.
• present uranium resources. It
can be seen that Australia has
a substantial part (about 29%)
of the world‘s uranium,
Kazakhstan 12%, Russia 9%
and Canada 8%.
 Hydro Electric Reserves
• Countries and areas with mountains or plateau regions
make for prime locations of hydroelectric plants and have
the greatest potential for hydro power.
• Hydro electricity will remain the predominant form of
renewable energy in the world.
• The countries producing most of the hydroelectricity
include China (27.4%), Canada (9.8%), Brazil (9.5%), US
(6.7%), Russia (4.5%),Norway (3.5%), India (3.4%), Japan
(2.3%) etc.
 Global Energy Consumption
• Global primary energy consumption grew strongly in 2019, led by natural
gas and renewable, with coal‘s share of the energy mix continuing to decline.
• Primary energy consumption growth averaged 2.2% in 2017, up from 1.2%
last year and the fastest since 2013. This compares with the 10-year average
of 1.7% per year.
• By fuel, natural gas accounted for the largest increment in energy
consumption, followed by renewables and then oil.
• Energy consumption rose by 3.1% in China. China was the largest growth
market for energy for the 17th consecutive year.
• Global energy demand will increase by around 30% in 2035 with an
average growth of 1.3% per year.
• Non – fossil fuels are expected to account for half of the growth in energy
supplies over the next 20 years.
• World total primary energy supply (TPES), or "primary energy" differs from
the world final energy consumption.
• World final energy consumption refers to the fraction of the world's primary
energy that is used in its final form by humanity.
• According to International Energy Agency (IEA) data from 1990 to 2008, the
average energy use per person increased 10% while world population
increased 27%.
• Regional energy use also grew.
• The Middle East increased by 170%, China by146%, India by 91%, Africa by
70%, Latin America by 66%, the USA by 20%, the EU-27 block by 7%, and
world overall grew by 39%.
 Indian Energy Scenario
• As per the world energy statistics published by the IEA in 2019, India is
the 3rd largest producer of electricity in the world and it ranks 106th in
terms of per capita consumption in 2017.
• The energy sources and their percentage are given below:
• Thermal – 67%
• Hydro – 17%
• Renewable energy – 13%
• Nuclear – 3%
 Hydroelectric Energy Reserves
• India is blessed with immense amount of hydroelectric
potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-
potential on global scenario.
• India has an exploitable hydro-power potential of the
range of 1,48,700 MW installed capacity.
• Pumped storage projects – 56 nos (94,000 MW)
• Small, mini and micro schemes – 6782 MW from 1512
sites.
• Thus, total hydro potential is about 2,50,000 MW.
 Thermal energy
• As of July 2020, India has a total Thermal installed capacity of 231.45 GW.
Almost 86% of the thermal power is obtained from coal and the rest from
Lignite, Diesel and Gas.
• The private sector generates 46.9% of India’s thermal power whereas States
and Centre generate 27.9% and 25.3% respectively.
• India's electricity sector is dominated by fossil fuels, in particular coal, which
during the 2018-19 fiscal year produced about three-quarters of the country's
electricity.
• It is the prime source of energy in India and accounts for 56% of commercial
energy requirement.
• India has total coal reserves of 240,748 million tonnes.
• Jharkhand (26.81%) has the maximum share in the overall reserves of coal
in the country followed by Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Madhya
Pradesh, AP, Maharashtra etc.
• Coal production was 211.73 million tonnes in 1990-91 which raised to 360
million tonnes in 2002-03 and to 730 million tonnes in 2016-17.
 Petroleum & Natural Gas Reserves
• Crude oil is extracted from oil production wells, drilled either on-shore or off-
shore.
• India is the world‘s sixth largest energy consumer, but produces only 30% of
110 million tonnes of petroleum products it consumes.
• The estimated reserve of crude oil in India is at 762.74 million tonnes. (as on
2014)
• The estimated reserves of natural gas in India stood at 1427.15 billion cubic
meters (BCM).
 Nuclear Power
• India‘s installed nuclear capacity for power generation is 4780 MW
which is about 3% of the total capacity.
• The natural uranium is used as fuel which is mined from our own
resources of about 78,000 tonnes.
 Renewable Energy
• India has a vast supply of renewable energy resources and it has one of the
largest programs in the world for deploying renewable energy products and
systems. Renewable energy sources contribute around 13% to the total
power generation in the country producing 31,692 MW (as on 2014).
Solar Energy
• India‘s theoretically calculated solar energy incidence on its land area alone
is about 5,000 trillion kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year.
• Solar energy can be easily used. Solar potential of India stands at 748 GW.
• In 2013, total capacity of 2219 MW was installed.
Wind Energy
• The use of wind energy is rapidly increasing in India.
• India has installed a total capacity of 19,933 MW
Tidal Energy
• Tide is periodic rise and fall of water level of the sea. It gives no harmful
greenhouse emissions.
• Tidal energy in India started in Gulf of Kutch which is still not completed.
• According to studies, the identified economic power potential is of the order
of 8000 MW in Gulf of Cambay, 1200 MW in the Gulf of Kutch in the state of
Gujarat and 100 MW in Ganges delta in the Sundarbans region in the state of
West Bengal.
Tidal Energy
• Tide is periodic rise and fall of water level of the sea. It gives no harmful
greenhouse emissions.
• Tidal energy in India started in Gulf of Kutch which is still not completed.
• According to studies, the identified economic power potential is of the
order of 8000 MW in Gulf of Cambay, 1200 MW in the Gulf of Kutch in
the state of Gujarat and 100 MW in Ganges delta in the Sundarbans
region in the state of West Bengal.
Biomass Energy
• Biomass is a renewable energy source obtained from waste materials. In
India, bio energy is installed with a capacity of 41449 MW.
Geothermal Energy
• It is obtained from earth‘s crust.
• It can be divided in to four types: Hydrothermal, Geo pressured geothermal
resource, hot dry rock deposit, and magma source.
• In 1992, geothermal binary cycle plant (capacity 5 MW) was installed in
Himachal Pradesh.
 Indian Energy Consumption
• India‘s energy demand was increased by 3.7% in 2016, but imports
increased by 5.7% for CNG, LNG and gasoline. In India, the unbalanced
consumption and demand equation clearly reflect the shortages in supply.
• India, Asia‘s second biggest energy consumer since 2008, had in 2015
overtaken Japan as the world‘s third largest oil consuming country behind
the US and China.
• India‘s energy consumption has more than doubled since 1990 and
although India has one of the highest amounts of coal reserves, she is
heavily dependent on imported crude oil. Coal currently accounts for nearly
41 percent of energy produced in India. India was the fourth-largest
consumer of crude oil and petroleum products in the world in 2015, after
the United States, China, and Japan.
• India has a total consumption of 1,137.00 bn kWh of electric energy per
year. Per capita this is an average of 832 kWh.
• The country depends heavily on imported crude oil, mostly from the Middle
East. Natural gas serves as a substitute for coal in electricity generation and
fertilizer production in India. The country began importing liquefied natural
gas from Qatar in 2004 and increasingly relies on imports to meet domestic
natural gas needs.
• Energy security
• It is defined as the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an
affordable price.
• Long-term energy security deals with timely investments to supply energy in
line with economic developments and environmental needs.
• Short-term energy security focuses on the ability of the energy system to
respond promptly to sudden changes in the supply-demand balance.
Significance of Energy security
• India aims to become leading global economic power which will fuel energy
needs for providing infrastructure, provisioning of basic necessities,
developing human skill, employment generation and manufacturing abilities.
• India’s economic fortunes continue to be tied to the sharply fluctuating
international price of oil.
 Challenges:
• Failure to attract international investment in domestic hydrocarbon exploration
e.g. NELP failed to attract interest of large international energy corporations.
• Major investments will have to be made to acquire hydrocarbon reserves abroad.
• Coal mining in India suffers from delays due to regulatory and environmental
clearances.
• Indo-US nuclear helped fuel domestic power plants and give India access to
critical technologies in strategic areas but deal did not lead to India setting up
foreign-built reactors.
• Lack of skilled manpower and poorly developed infrastructure for developing
conventional and unconventional energy.
• India lacks transportation infrastructure for making energy accessible e.g.
pipelines can be a useful way to boost the total supply of gas in the country.
Gas will play a major role in Indian energy mix because it can be used
effectively in several demand sectors.
Measures to enhance energy security:
• India has already committed to bring electricity to every household by 2022.
An even more ambitious goal would be to provide electricity to all households
on 24×7 basis.
• To bring clean fuel in rural areas the Pradhan Mantri Ujjawala Yojana, should
be complemented by: Setting up of biomass pelletising units; and distribution
of ‘ efficient biomass chullahs’.
• On the agricultural front, solar irrigation pump distribution target must be
stepped up and financed through credit support from NABARD and
government subsidy.
• The potential non-conventional energy sources must be explored and
researched to make them technologically economical and accessible, like
geothermal energy, tidal energy etc.
• To enhance vehicle fuel efficiency gains, the auto fuel quality should be
upgraded to BS VI norms for nation-wide launch in 2020.