GENERAL MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 1: FUNCTIONS
Lesson 1: FUNCTIONS AS MODELS
Lesson 2: EVALUATING FUNCTIONS
Lesson 3: OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
 LESSON 1:
FUNCTIONS AS
LEARNING OUTCOME(S): MODELS
At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to
represent life situations using functions, including piecewise functions.
LEARNING OUTLINES:
1. Relations and Functions
2. The Function as a Machine
3. Functions and Relations as a Table of
Values
4. Functions as Graph in the Cartesian
Plane
5. Vertical Line Test
6. Functions as Representations of Real-
Life Situations
7. Piecewise Functions
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

A relation is simply a
collection set ordered
or of pairs.
Nothing really special about it.
An ordered pair, commonly
known as a point, has two
components which are the x and
y coordinates.
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. RELATION IN SET NOTATION.

2. RELATION IN TABLE. 3. RELATION IN GRAPH 4. RELATION IN MAPPING

DIAGRAM
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

The domain is the set of all x or input values. We may describe it

as the collection of the first values in the ordered pairs.
The range is the set of all y or output values. We may describe it
as the collection of the second values in the ordered pairs.
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

A function is actually a
“special” kind of relation
because it follows an extra
rule. Just like a relation, a
function is also a set of
ordered pairs; however, every
x-value must be associated
to only one y-value.
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

A RELATION THAT IS NOT A FUNCTION A RELATION THAT IS A FUNCTION

Since we have
This relation is
repetitions or
definitely a function
duplicates of x-
because every x-
values with different
value is unique and
y-values, then this
is associated with
relation ceases to
only one value of y.
be a function.
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

How about this

example
though? Is this
not a function
because we
have repeating
entries in x?
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Yes, we have repeating

values of x but they are
being associated with the
same value of y. The point
(1,5) shows up twice, and
while the point (3,-8) is
written three times. This
table can be cleaned up by
writing a single copy of the
repeating ordered pairs.
The relation is now clearly a function!
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example 1: Is the relation expressed in the mapping diagram a function?

IT IS A FUNCTION
Each element of the domain is being traced
to one and only element in the range.
However, it is okay for two or more values
in the domain to share a common value in
the range. That is, even though the
elements 5 and 10 in the domain share the
same value of 2 in the range, this relation is
still a function.
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example 2: Is the relation expressed in the mapping diagram a

function?

IT IS A FUNCTION
There’s nothing wrong
when four elements
coming from the domain
are sharing a common
value in the range. This is a
great example of a function
as well.
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example 3: Is the relation expressed in the mapping diagram a function?

IT IS NOT A FUNCTION
The element 15 has two arrows
pointing to both 7 and 9. This is a
clear violation of the requirement to
be a function. A function is well
behaved, that is, each element in the
domain must point to one element
in the range. Therefore, this relation
is not a function.
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example 4: Is the relation expressed in the mapping diagram a function?

IT IS NOT A FUNCTION
A single element in the domain is being
paired with four elements in the range.
Remember, if an element in the domain is
being associated with more than one
element in the range, the relation is
automatically disqualified to be a function.
Thus, this relation is absolutely not
a function.
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example 5: Is the mapping diagram a relation, or function?

NEITHER A RELATION NOR A FUNCTION.

The element “2” in the domain is not

being paired with any element in the
range. Every element in the
domain must have some kind of
correspondence to the elements in the
range for it to be considered a relation,
at least. Since this is not a relation, it
follows that it can’t be a function.
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS FUNCTIONS
A relation is a rule that relates values from a A function is a relation where each element
set of values called domain to a second set of in the domain is related to ONLY ONE value
values called the range. in the range by some rule.

The elements of the domain can be imagined

The elements of the domain can be imagined
as input to a machine that applies a rule so that
as input to a machine that applies rule to
each input corresponds to ONLY ONE
these inputs to generate one or more
OUTPUT.
outputs.

A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y)

A relation is also a set of ordered pairs (x,y). such that no two ordered pairs have the same
x- values but different y-values.
 THE FUNCTION AS A
MACHINE
We can view a function as
something that can take an object
(as long as the object is in its
domain) and turn it into (or map it
to) a different object. We can
imagine it is some machine that
does this transformation. You put
some object into its input funnel. If
the input object fits into the funnel,
then the function machine will
process that object and turn it into
some other object, which comes
out its output chute.
 FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS AS A
TABLE OF VALUES

A table of values is a list of numbers that are

used to substitute one variable, such as
within an equation of a line and other
functions, to find the value of the other
variable, or missing number.
 FUNCTIONS AS GRAPH IN THE
CARTESIAN PLANE

The vertical line test is a method that

is used to determine whether a given
relation is a function or not. The vertical
line test supports the definition of a
function. That is, every x-value of a
function must be paired to a single y-
value. If we think of a vertical line as an
infinite set of x-values, then intersecting
the graph of a relation at exactly one
point by a vertical line implies that a
single x-value is only paired to a unique
value of y.
 FUNCTIONS AS GRAPH IN THE
CARTESIAN PLANE

If a vertical line intersects the graph in all places at exactly one

point, then the relation is a function.
 FUNCTIONS AS GRAPH IN THE
CARTESIAN PLANE

If a vertical line intersects the graph in some places at more than one
point, then the relation is NOT a function.
 FUNCTIONS AS REPRESENTATIONS OF
REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS

EXAMPLE:
Solution:
Give a function C
Since each meal
that can represent
costs P40, then
the cost of buying
the cost
x meals, if one
function is
meal costs P40.
C(x)=40x.
 FUNCTIONS AS REPRESENTATIONS OF
REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS

EXAMPLE:
A person is earning P600 ANSWER:
per day to do a job.
Express the total Salary S(n)=600n
(S) as a function of the
number (n) of days that the
person works.
 PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS

A user is charged P300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which

includes 100 free text messages. Messages in excess of 100 are
charged P1 each. Represent the monthly cost for text messaging using
the function t(m), where m is the number of messages sent in a month.
 PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS

A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers and each additional
integer kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to
represent the jeepney fare in terms of the distance (d) in kilometers.
 PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/x2f8bb11595b61c86:absolute-value-piecewise-
functions/x2f8bb11595b61c86:piecewise-functions/v/piecewise-function-example

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/x2f8bb11595b61c86:absolute-value-piecewise-
functions/x2f8bb11595b61c86:piecewise-functions/v/evaluating-piecewise-functions-example

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/x2f8bb11595b61c86:absolute-value-piecewise-
functions/x2f8bb11595b61c86:piecewise-functions/e/evaluating-piecewise-functions
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/x2f8bb11595b61c86:absolute-value-piecewise-
functions/x2f8bb11595b61c86:piecewise-functions/e/evaluate-step-functions-from-their-graph
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING

1. { 1,3 , 2,3 , 3,3 YES

}
2.{ 2,3 , 2,3 , 4,3 } NO
3. { −3,3 , −2,3 , YES
−5,3 }
YES
4. { 1,4 , 2,4 , 3,4
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING

NO YES
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING

NO YES
FUNCTIONS AS MODELS
 SOURCES:

https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/intermediate-
algebra/relations-and-functions/
https://mathinsight.org/function_machine
https://sciencing.com/definition-table-values- 5142215.html
https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/intermediate-
algebra/vertical-line-test/
https://www.slideshare.net/lizamagalso/gen-math-g11-
introduction-to-functions?from_action=save