ME 3350: Fluid Mechanics I

Kamran Nazir
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National University of Technology

Spring 2022
Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli and Energy
Equations
Introduction
Conservation of Mass
Mechanical Energy and Efficiency
The Bernoulli Equation
Application of the Bernoulli Equation
General Energy Equation
The Bernoulli Equation
• The Bernoulli equation is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation,
and is valid in regions of steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces are
negligible
• The key approximation in the derivation of the Bernoulli equation is that viscous effects are
negligibly small compared to inertial, gravitational, and pressure effects.
Acceleration of a Fluid Particle
In two-dimensional flow, the acceleration can be decomposed into two components: streamwise

acceleration as along the streamline and normal acceleration an in the direction normal to the

streamline, which is given as

Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation
Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressures
Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressures
Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli
Equation
• Steady flow The first limitation on the Bernoulli equation is that it is applicable
to steady flow.
• Frictionless flow
• No shaft work The Bernoulli equation was derived from a force balance on a
particle moving along a streamline. Therefore, the Bernoulli equation is not
applicable in a flow section that involves a pump, turbine, fan, or any other
machine or impeller since such devices destroy the streamlines and carry out
energy interactions with the fluid particles.
Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli
Equation
• Incompressible flow One of the assumptions used in the derivation of the
Bernoulli equation is that density is constant and thus the flow is
incompressible. This condition is satisfied by liquids and also by gases at
Mach numbers less than about 0.3
• No heat transfer The density of a gas is inversely proportional to
temperature, and thus the Bernoulli equation should not be used for flow
sections that involve significant temperature change such as heating or
cooling sections.
• Flow along a streamline
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Grade Line
(EGL)
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Grade Line
(EGL)