TEMPERATUR

E SENSORS
Devashish Joshi (22ME057)
Sumedh Joshi (22ME058)
Vaishnavi Kapase (22ME062)
Aadit Karnavat (22ME063)
Introduction
The word temperature was coined to describe the degree of hotness or coolness
of a material body. The first thermometer was constructed in the beginning of
the seventeenth century by famous scientist and astronomer Galileo Galilei.
A Temperature Sensor is an instrument utilized to measure heat or temperature
on the working part of machines. There are various types of temperature
sensors. The temperature sensor, such as an electrical thermometer, includes a
specific armour and a unit from one or more elements, which can contain, for
instance, a neck tube, connection head, hand grip, and thermowell. The sensor
part, which is set into the temperature sensor, measures the actual temperature
and turns it into an electrical signal. Sensing the temperature is operated by
several different instruments.

2
 TYPES

1 2 3 4 5
RTD & THERMOCOUPL SEMICONDUCTOR LIQUID IN BIMETALLIC
THERMISTOR E GLASS STRIP
THERMOMETER

3 Temperature sensors
Resistance Temperature Detectors
• Resistance Temperature Detector or RTD is a temperature
sensor whose resistance varies directly with temperature.
• It is usually built from platinum, while those constructed
from nickel or copper are not unusual, RTDs can be made
in many different forms, such as thin film or wire wound.
• PRINCIPLE :-
• RTD’s are passive resistive systems like thermistors. They
pass a constant current in the temperature sensor to gain
an output voltage that rises linearly with temperature. A
normal RTD has a resistance of about 100Ω at 0 oC, rising
to 140Ω at 100oC with a working temperature range of
between -200 to +600oC.
Thermistors
• The thermistor is a temperature sensor whose resistance
varies with temperature, similar to the RTDs. However,
thermistors are constructed from semiconductor
substances. Their name is included from the term:
THERM-ally sensitive res-ISTOR.
• Most of the Thermistors have a negative temperature
coefficient (NTC) which means their resistance decreases
with an increase in the temperature. But, there are a few
Thermistors that have a positive temperature coefficient
(PTC) and their resistance increases with a rise in the
temperature
• They are highly sensitive instruments, ideal for high-tech
and set-point applications.
• Their special advantages over other types are accuracy,
repeatability, and quick response to variations in
temperature.
Thermocouple
• The working principle of a thermocouple is very basic
and simple. When the junction of the two different metals
such as copper and constantan fused, they generate a
“thermo-electric” result, which provides a few millivolts
(mV), constant potential difference, between them. The
voltage difference between them is named the “Seebeck
effect” as a temperature difference is produced along the
conducting wires making an EMF Then the external
voltage from a thermocouple is an operation of the
temperature variations.
• When the temperature of the two junctions varies, a
voltage is produced across the junction, which is utilized
to sense the temperature.
• Thermocouples have the greatest temperature level from
lower than -200oC to more than 2000oC.
Semiconductor

• A semiconductor-based temperature sensor operates with

two combined circuits or ICs. They include two similar
MOSFETs with high sensitivity.
• They precisely provide electrical characteristics, including
voltage and current, to measure the temperature
variations. They approximately send a linear output but
are less precise at 1 to 5 °C. They also present the slowest
time responses between 5 to 60 s between temperature
sensors in their temperature range.
Liquid In Glass Thermometer
• The liquid in glass thermometer, is the most commonly
used device to measure temperature and it is inexpensive
to make and easy to use.
• The liquid in glass thermometer has a glass bulb attached
to a sealed glass tube (also called the stem or capillary
tube).
• A very thin opening, called a bore, exists from the bulb
and extends down the centre of the tube.
• The bulb is typically filled with either mercury or red-
coloured alcohol and is free to expand and rise up into the
tube when the temperature increases, and to contract and
move down the tube when the temperature decreases.
• In the Liquid In Glass Thermometers (LIG) the thermally
sensitive element is a liquid contained in a graduated
glass envelope.
• The principle used to measure temperature is that of the
apparent thermal expansion of the liquid.
Bi-metallic Strip
• The bimetallic thermometer uses the bimetallic strip which
converts the temperature into the mechanical displacement.
The working of the bimetallic strip depends on the thermal
expansion property of the metal. Thermal expansion is the
tendency of metal in which the volume of metal changes
with the variation in temperature.

• Every metal has a different temperature coefficient. The

temperature coefficient shows the relation between the
change in the physical dimension of metal and the
temperature that causes it. The expansion or contraction of
metal depends on the temperature coefficient, i.e., at the same
temperature the metals have different changes in the physical
dimension.
Thank you