Kinds of

Sets
First Quarter
MATHEMATICS G7_MODULE 1:
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SET AND SET NOTATION

  Defines and describes
each kinds of sets,
universal sets, and the
Learning null set
 Illustrates the different

Compete kinds of sets

ncies
DEFINING AND
ILLUSTRATING
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 Group Group
4 3

Group Group
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1 2
 Cardinality
Now identify the cardinality of each set and give the elements.
1. S is a set of secondary colors (3)
2. J is a set of months that start with J. (3)
3. M is a set of months with 28 days (12)
4. C is a set of consonant letters in the English Alphabet (5)
5. A is a set of counting numbers greater than 8 in a dice (0)
6. T is a set of odd numbers divisible by 2. (0)
7. S is a set of stars on the Solar System (1)
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 Kindsaccording
Sets are classified of Sets to the
nature of its membership. Each kind of
set or each pair of sets has a distinct
characteristic or property that
differentiates it from the rest. Let us
study the following classifications:
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 A. According to
Cardinality
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 1. Finite Set
If the elements of a set can be counted and the counting eventually
comes to an end, then the set is a finite set. Thus, a finite set contains a
countable number of elements. Consider the following sets:
B = {winter, spring, summer, fall}
C = {Monday, Wednesday, Friday} and
D = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}
We say that sets B, C and D are finite sets since n(B) = 4, n(C) = 3
and n(D) = 10.
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 1.1. EMPTY SET
1. Finite Set
Clearly, we can see that set A has no element. A set which
contains no element is called an empty set, denoted by { }, or a
null set, denoted by ⌽.

We write A = { } or A = ⌽. We say that set A is an empty set or set

A is a null set since n(A) = 0.
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 Take note of this!!!
The cardinality of a null or empty set is:

n(A)=0
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 Examples
1.A is a set of counting numbers greater than 8 in
a dice
2.T is a set of odd numbers divisible by 2.
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 1.2 Unit Set
1. Finite Set
On the other hand, a set may have only one element. Such a
set is known as the unit set.

For example, the set W of days in a week starts with the letter W
is a unit set since Wednesday is the only element of the set.

W = {Wednesday}

Since n (W) = 1, then set W is a unit set.

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 Examples
1. S is a set of stars on the Solar System
2. C is a set of counting number between 7 and 9.
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 2. Infinite Set
On the other hand, when the membership of a set is such that
there is no final counted member, the set is an infinite set. Thus,
an infinite set does not contain a countable number of elements
and does not have a last element.
For example, the set E of even counting numbers is an infinite
set.
E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …}
The ellipsis after the element 10 in set E indicates that the
sequence of numbers continues indefinitely to include all positive
even counting numbers.
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 Illustrative Example 4:
Identify whether the given set is finite or infinite:
1. the counting numbers whose numerals end in 4 (infinite)
2. the counting numbers whose numerals
contain five digits (finite)
3. the odd counting numbers (infinite)
4. the fractions between 0 and 1 (infinite)
5. the hair on your head (finite)
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 Illustrative Example 4:
Identify whether the given set is finite or infinite:
6. the seating capacity of Folk Arts Theater (finite)
7. the daily commuters of the Light Railway Transit (finite)
8. the words contained in this book (finite)
9. the books in your library (finite)
10. the grains of sand in the world (infinite)
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 3. Universal Set
The universe or the universal set, denoted by the capital letter U,
is the set containing all the elements under consideration. It is the
totality of all elements being discussed. From the given examples
above, let us choose set F, the set of vowels, and set G, the set of
consonants.
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 3. Universal Set
Consider these two set:
Set F, the set of vowels, and Set G, the set of consonants.
Now, consider the following set which contains all the letters of
the English alphabet:
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z}

We say that set U, the universal set, contains the totality of all
elements of sets F and G.
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 Examples
1. A={1,2,3,4,5}
B={a,b,c,d,e}
Universal Set: U={1,2,3,4,5,a,b,c,d,e}

2. C={circle, square, triangle}

D={oval, star, diamond, pentagon}
Universal Set: U={circle, square, triangle, oval, star, diamond,
pentagon}
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 B. According to
Relationship
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 1. Disjoint Sets
Two sets which have no element in common are called
disjoint sets. To illustrate, take the set F of vowels and the set G of
consonants. We say that
F = {a, e, i, o, u} and
G = {b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, q, v, w, x, y, z}
Do these two sets have common or same elements?
NONE!!!
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So, Set F and Set G are disjoint sets.

 1. Disjoint Sets
Next,
M={set of male students}
F={set of female students}

Since sets M and F don’t have common elements, then

Set M and Set F are disjoint sets.

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 1. Disjoint Sets
Last one,
A={1,2,3,4,5,...}
B={a,b,c,d,..., z}

Set A is the set of counting numbers, and set B is the set of letters
in the English alphabet. They don’t have common elements.

Set A and Set B are disjoint sets.

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 2. Joint Sets
Two sets which have at least one element in common are called
joint sets.
To illustrate, take A set of distinct letters of the word HOPE and B
set of distinct letters of the word PRAY. We say that,
A={ H, O, P, E}
B= { P, R, A, Y}
The common element which is P.
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So, Set A and Set B are joint sets.

 2. Joint Sets
Another example,
Set A is set of counting numbers from 1 to 10, and Set B is set of
multiples of 3 from 3 to 18, Then
A={ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
B= {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
The common elements are 3, 6, and 9.
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So, Set A and Set B are joint sets.

 3. Equal Sets
Two sets are said to be equal to each other if and only if they have
exactly the same elements. The order of listing is immaterial.
Consider the two sets:
J = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and K = {1, 3, 5, 2, 4}.

Sets J and K have exactly the same elements.

We say that set J and set K are equal sets. In symbols,
we write J = K.
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So, Set J and Set K are equal sets.

 3. Equal Sets
Consider these two sets:
R = {x|x is an odd number between 4 and 8} and
S = {y|y is a prime number between 4 and 10}.

R={5, 7}
S={5, 7}

Sets R and S have the exactly the same elements.

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So, Set R and Set S are equal sets.

 3. Equal Sets
A=set of even numbers from 2 to 10.
B=set of multiples of 4 from 4 to 20
C=set of multiples of 2 from 2 to 10

A={2, 4, 6, 8, 10} B={4, 8, 12, 16, 20} C={2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

Sets A and B don’t have exactly the same elements but Sets A and
C have exactly the same elements.
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So, Set A and Set C are equal sets.

 4. Equivalent Sets
When the elements of one set can be matched one – to – one with
elements of another set so that each element of each set has one
and only one matched elements in the other set, we can say that
the sets are equivalent. Two sets which have the same cardinality
or the same number of elements are called equivalent sets.
For example, let L = {Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao} and let M
= {red, white, blue}. We can associate each element of L with an
element of M as shown below.
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 4. Equivalent Sets
For example,
L = {Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao}
M = {red, white, blue}
Each element of each
L = {Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao} set has one and only
one matched
M = {red, white, blue}. elements in the other
set
Also, n(L)=3, and n(M)=3. They have the same cardinality.
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So, Set L and Set M are equivalent sets.

 4. Equivalent Sets
Another example,
A = set of vowels in the English Alphabet A={a, e, i, o, u}
B = set of multiples of 4 from 4 to 20 B={4, 8, 12, 16, 20}

A = {a, e, i, o, u} Each element of each set has

one and only one matched
B = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}. elements in the other set

Also, n(A)=5, and n(B)=5. They have the same cardinality.

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So, Set A and Set B are equivalent sets.

 4. Equivalent Sets
Not all elements in one
Another example, set is matched to each
A = {football, basketball, volleyball, tennis} element on the other
set
B = {Math, Science, English, MAPEH, History}.

Also, n(A)=4, and n(B)=5. They have different cardinalities.

So, Set A and Set B are not equivalent sets.

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 How about this?
X={a, b, c, d, e, f, g}

Y={b, d, f, a, g, c, e}
Yes, because they have exactly the same
Are they equal sets?
elements.

Are they equivalent sets? Yes, they have the same cardinality
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 O T E :
N
Q U A L
E e
T S a r
SE
al wa y s
I V A L
E Q U
E N T
E T S .
S
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 How about this?
X={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Y={1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
No, because they don’t have exactly the
Are they equal sets?
same elements.

Are they equivalent sets? Yes, they have the same cardinality.
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 O T E :
N
I V A L
EQ U
T a r e
E N
not
s s a r i l y
ne c e
Q U A L
E
E T S .
S
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 Sets

According to Cardinality According to Relationship

Universal Finite Infinite Disjoint Joint Equal Equivalent

Empty Unit
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