Mechanism

of evolution Bui Hong Thuy,

Ph.D

Vũ Thị Phương Thanh – BTCEIU21116

Trần Minh Trí - BTBCIU20071
Vũ Thị Phương Thảo
Contributed: 100%
Contributted
a
Trần Minh Trí
Contributed:100%
 Outline
- Describe evidence for evolution by natural selection

- Explain how sexual recombination generates genetic variability

- Apply the Hardy-Weinberg equation to a population genetics problem

- Describe and provide examples of prezygotic and postzygotic

reproductive barriers.
- Describe evidence for evolution by natural
selection
- Predation and Coloration in Guppies
Brightly colored males are more
attractive to females.
+ However, brightly colored males are
more vulnerable to predation.
+ Guppy populations in pools with fewer
predators had more brightly colored
males.
Fossil evidence

Trilobites Whale Ancestors

Anatomical and Molecular Homologies
- Explain how sexual recombination generates
genetic variability

Sexual recombination would increase the amount of variation within a

group. You constantly create new varieties in the population by sexual
recombination. Without this, every offspring would be genetically
identical to their parents, and mutations would be the only source of
diversification.
- Describe and provide examples of prezygotic and
postzygotic reproductive barriers.

Prezygotic barrier : a mechanism that blocks reproduction from

taking place by preventing fertilization
Pro-zygotic Isolating Example
Mcchanisms
Habitat Similar species reproduce in different Lions and tigers can potentially
habitats interbreed. but usually occupy
different habitats

Temporal Occurs vvhen two Frogs live in same pond but breed
species mate at during different seasons
different times of year (summer vs spring)

Behaviors Occurs when two speóes have different Certain groups of birds will only
courlship behaviours respond lo species-specific mating calls

Mechanism Similar species have structural Cenain breeds of dog are

differences in their reproductive organs morphologically incapable of maiing
due to size

Gametic Gametes of similar species are
chemically incompatible
the red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus
Franciscans) and purple sea urchin
(Strongylocentrotus
purpurates)―share their geographic
range.
 Postzygotic barrier: a mechanism that
blocks reproduction after fertilization and
zygote formation

Postzygotic

Hybrid Inviability Hybrids are produced but fall Certain types of frog from hydrid
to develop to reproductive tadpoles that die before they can
maturity become a frog

Hybrid Infertility Hybrids fail to produce Mules are sterile hybrids resulting
functional gametes from mating between a horse and a
(sterility) donkey

Hybrid Breakdown F1 hybrids are fertile, but F2 The offspring of hybrid copepods
generation fails to develop have less potential for survival or
properly reproduction
- Apply the Hardy-Weinberg equation to a population
genetics problem
We use this formula for calculate population genetic problem
 - Step 1 the frequency of aa(q^2=6%)q=sqrt(6)

Some example:
• Let’s use the same example
above regarding earlobes
(detached lobes and attached
lobes). Determine the
genotype frequency of the
=step 2: we can use the first Hardy-Weinberg
homozygous dominant (AA) equation above (p + q = 1) to work out the
allele for having detached allele frequency for the dominant allele (p)

earlobes given the frequency

of the attached earlobe (aa)
phenotype is 6%.
• -Step 4 We now know what p is (0.755) calculate
homozygous dominant genotype p^2

• Final step we add add all of the genotype frequencies

together, this equals 1 (0.57 + 0.37 + 0.06 = 1) is true if
the result not equal 1, you should review step 1 and 2
In short

• There are four step for calculated genetic population problems

• + Step 1 calculated frequency of aa (q^2)
• + Step 2 calculated of AA (p^2) by p+q=1 or data in the
article
• + Step 3 Calculated frequency of heterozygous Aa( 2*p*q)
• + check the result (p^2 + 2*q*p +q^2) equal =“1” is true
• equal=“> or <1” is
wrong answer
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