LECTURE

FOUR

1
 STRING HANDLING IN
JAVA
 Java implement strings as objects of type String.
 It belongs to java.lang.
 Once a String object is created, it is not possible to
change the characters that comprise the string.
 When a modifiable string is needed, java provides two
options:
1.java.lang.StringBuffer
2.java.lang.StringBuilder

2
 THE STRING
CONSTRUCTOR
1. String()- Example: String s = new String();
2. String (char chars[])
Example:
char chars[] = {‘a’, ‘b’, ’c’};
String s=new String (chars);
3. String( char chars[], int startIndex, int numChars);
Example:
char chars[] = {‘a’, ‘b’, ’c’, ‘d’, ‘e’, ‘f’};
String s = new String (chars, 2, 3);
3
 THE STRING
CONSTRUCTOR
4. String (String str);
Example:
char c[] = {‘j’, ‘a’, ‘v’, ‘a’};
String s1 = new String (c);
System.out.println (s1);

4
String Length:
int length();
Example:
char st [ ] = {‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’};
String a = new String (st);
System.out.println ( a.length());

Creating String from String Literals:

Example:
String s1 = “abcd”;
 String object is created for every string literals.

 System.out.println (“abc” . length());

5
STRING CONCATENATION
 Java allows only + operator to be applied on string, which concatenates
of two strings.

 Example:
String age = “9”;
String s = “He is “ + age + “ years old.”;
System.out.println (s);

 The compiler will convert an operand to it’s string equivalent whenever

the other operand of the + is an instance of String.
Example:
int age = 9;
String s = “He is “ + age + “ years old.”;
System.out.println (s);
6
 DATA CONVERSION USING
VALUEOF()
 It converts data from its internal format into a human-
readable format.
 Static overloaded method within String for built-in types
and for type Object.
 static String valueOf (double num)
static String valueOf( Object ob)
 During concatenation operation, it is automatically
called.
 All of the simple types are converted into their String
representation.
 For any object valueOf() automatically calls the object’s
toString() method. 7
 TOSTRING() METHOD
 It is defined by Object.
 Every class implements toString() because every class is subclass of Object.
 General form: String toString()
 It returns a String object that appropriately describe any object.
 Example:
class TT Output: a= 100
class Test
{
int a; {
TT() { a=100;} public static void main (String args[])
public String toString() {
{
TT b = new TT();
return “a= “+a;
System.out.println(b);
} 8

} }
}
 CHARACTER
EXTRACTION
1. charAt ():
char ch;
ch = “abc”.charAt(1); ch<-’b’

9
 STRING COMPARISON
1. equals ()
boolean equals( String str)
-str is the String object being compared with the
invoking String object.
-Case sensitive.
2. equalsIgnoreCase ()
boolean equalsIgnoreCase( String str)
-str is the String object being compared with the
invoking String object.
-Not case sensitive.

10
 STRING COMPARISON
Example:
String s1 = “Hello”;
String s2 = “HELLO”;
System.out.println ( s1 + “ equals “ +s2 + s1.equals(s2));
System.out.println ( s1 + “ equals “ +s2 + s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2));

Output:
Hello equals HELLO false
Hello equals HELLO true

11
 STRING COMPARISON
. StartsWith () and endsWith ()
Example:
“Football”. endsWith ( “ball”); --- returns true
“Football”. startsWith (“wood”); ----returns false

12
 STRING COMPARISON
5. int compareTo (String str)
- less than 0: if invoking string is less than str
greater than 0: if invoking string is greater than str
0: if equal
- case sensitive.

13
EQUALS () VERSUS ==
 equals () method compares the characters within a String
object.
 The == operator compares two object references to see whether
they refer to the same object.
 Example:
String s1 = “hello”;
String s2 = new String(s1);
System.out.println(s1 + “ equals “+s2 + “  ”+ s1.equals(s2));
System.out.println(s1 + “ equals “+s2 + “ ”+ (s1==s2));
Output:
hello equals hello  true
14
hello equals hello  false