Sociology

Dr Pavithra H,
Assistant Professor,
Dept of Community Medicine

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Specific learning objectives
At the end of this session, the student must be able to:
1. Describe various concepts of economics
2. Explain the concept of global hunger index
3. Describe hidden hunger
4. Explain various concepts of sociology

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What are the natural resources of our
country?

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Gross national income (GNI)
• Gross income generated from within the country as also net income
received from abroad
• Can be expressed either
• At current prices – prices prevailing during the period to which the figure
refers
• At constant prices – prices prevailing during a fixed base period in the past,
irrespective of the period to which the figure refers to

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Economics
• Per capita income: Index of standard of living of the people

• Gross domestic product (GDP): gross income generated within the

country, excluding net income received from abroad

• Net national product (NNP): Gross national product minus the capital
consumed in the production process (machinery etc)
• It is the market value of all final goods and services after providing for
depreciation

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Which are the areas where India spends its
GDP?
• 25% - paying interests
• 13% - defense
• 50% - salary, pensions, govt schemes
• 1.5% - health

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What is depreciation?
• Reduction of value of an asset with passage of time

• Eg: market value of your iPhone after two years of using it

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Purchasing power parity
• Number of units of a country’s currency required to buy the same
amount of goods and services in the domestic market as one dollar
would buy in the USA

• Gross domestic savings: excess of current income over current

expenditure

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Poverty and Global Hunger Index

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What are your thoughts?
• Health consequences of poverty

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Global hunger index
• Measures and tracks hunger globally, by region and country

• Calculated by International Food Policy Research Institute

• Indicator 1 - Undernourishment: Proportion of undernourished people as a

percentage of population
• Indicator 2 - Child underweight: Proportion of under-five children who are
underweight (weight-for-age)
• Indicator 3 - Child mortality: mortality in under-five children

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Global hunger index
• GHI = Indicator 1 + Indicator 2 + Indicator 3/ 3

• It’s a 100 point scale, with zero being best and 100 being worst

• Can you explain the meaning of scores 0 and 100 in Indian context?

• Where do you think India stands?

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Who are at the top?

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Hidden hunger

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Hidden hunger
• Form of undernutrition that occurs when intake and absorption of
vitamins and minerals are too low to sustain good health and
development

• What can lead to hidden hunger? Do you think the population has
‘invisible’ effects because of hidden hunger?

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Triple burden
• Transition of food consumed by the population from traditional
minimally processed food to highly processed, energy-dense,
micronutrient poor foods and drinks

• Leads to malnutrition-undernourishment, micronutrient deficiencies

and obesity

• Can hidden hunger co-exist with obesity?

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Social security
• Security that society furnishes through appropriate organization,
against certain risks to which its members are exposed

• Risks:
• Sickness
• Invalidity
• Maternity
• Old age
• Death

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Social security
• Includes social insurance and social assistance

• Social security for industrial workers:

• ESI Act, Workmen’s Compensation Act

• Social security for civil servants:

• Pension, provident fund, family pension etc

• Social security for general public:

• Insurance schemes, LIC
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Concepts in sociology

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Society
• Organization of member agents

• Systems are in place

• Controls and regulates the behavior of individuals by law and customs

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Community
• Social group determined by geographical boundaries and/or common
values and interests

• Members know and interact with each other

• Functions within a particular social structure, has norms, values and

social institutions to be followed

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Social defense
• Developed to defend the society against criminality, not merely by
treating and defending the offended, but also by creating conditions
and taking remedial steps in the community – conducive of health
and wholesome growth

• Certain acts are in place to prevent and control juvenile delinquency,

elimination of prostitution etc

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Social pathology
• Study of social problems in the society

• Social constraints:
• Restrictions and impediments, preventing the growth and prosperity
• Poverty, illiteracy, ignorance, migration etc
• Social evils:
• Smoking and alcohol consumption, casteism, gender bias, child labour
• Social deviance:
• Coming into conflict with law

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Acculturation
• Culture contact

• Acculturation refers to changes that take place as a result of contact with

culturally dissimilar people, groups, and social influences

• Can take place because of:

• Trade and commerce
• Industrialization
• Propagation of religion
• Education
• Conquest
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Summary
• Global hunger index
• Hidden hunger
• Concepts in sociology

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MCQs
1. What is India’s rank in Global Hunger Index 2022?
1. 101
2. 107
3. 121
4. 116

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MCQs
2. All are components of ‘Triple burden’ EXCEPT

1. Malnutrition – undernourishment
2. Micronutrient deficiencies
3. Cardiovascular diseases
4. Obesity

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MCQs
3. Acculturation is

1. Bad culture
2. Good culture
3. Mixing of cultures
4. Type of culture media

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