Network Analysis

Lecture-1
Introduction to the Subject

Ammar Naseer
Lecturer
University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore
KSK Campus Electrical Technology.
Email: ammar@uet.edu.pk

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 Course Details
Instructor Detail
Instructor: Ammar Naseer Office: Faculty Room
Email: ammar@uet.edu.pk Telephone: 03326360801
Research Interest: Instrumentation and Control
Couse Detail
Lecture: Day
Credit hour: 3
Schedule: Time
Lab: Day
Schedule: Time
 Course Outline
Electrical Technology
• Concepts of Voltage, Current,
Energy and Power
• Types of Current and Voltage
Sources (Dependent &
Independent)
• Series-Parallel Combination
• Ohm’s Law
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current
Laws
• Voltage and Current Division Rules
• Circuit Element (R, L & C)
• Response of R, L & C to DC Sources
Network Analysis
• Power Factor Causes and Effects
• Nodal and Mesh Analyses
• Superposition
• Source transformation
• Thevenin and Norton Theorem
• Maximum Power transfer
• Transient Response of Circuits
under R, L and C,
• Average and RMS Values
• Phasor Concept and Complex
Impedance
 Scoring & Grading
Assessment Technique Weightage CLO Mapping
Quizzes 20% CLO 1 to CLO 3
Assignment 10% CLO 1 to CLO 3
Midterm 30% CLO 1 to CLO 2
Final 40% CLO 2 to CLO 3
 Prerequisite
The main prerequisites, for Electrical Technology
• Physics
• Calculus
• Matrices

The main prerequisites, for Network Analysis

• Electrical Technology
 Textbooks
Course book
William D. Stanley “Network Analysis”, Pearson Education
J D Irwin and R M Nelms, "Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis", Wiley, 9 th
Edition, 2008
Recommended books
S. Franco, "Electric Circuits Fundamentals", Oxford University Press, (Latest
Edition).
R E Thomas, A J Rosa and G J Toussaint, "The Analysis and Design of Linear
Circuits" John Wiley, 8th Edition,
C K Alexander and M NO Sadiku, “Fundamental of Electric Circuits", McGraw
Hill, 4th Edition.
W Hayt, J Kemmerly and S Durbin, "Engineering Circuit Analysis", McGraw-
Hill, 7th Edition, 2007.
 Lecture Content
• Introduction to Network Analysis
o Current and Voltage
o Power and Energy
• Element law
o Active and Passive
o Voltage and Current Source (dependent and Independent)
o Resistor, Capacitor and Inductor
• Connection law
o Node, branches and loop
o Equivalent resistor
o Kirchhoff Current law
o Kirchhoff Voltage Law
o Voltage Divider Rule
o Current Divider Rule
 Network Analysis
Many branches of electrical engineering, such as power, electric machines,
control theory, electronics, communications, and instrumentation, are based
on Network Analysis Theory

Network Analysis is the process of finding specific voltages and currents in a

network once its individual elements and their interconnections are known.
 Current and Voltage
• Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes
(A).

• Voltage is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element,

measured in volts (V).
 Power and Energy
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts
(W).

NOTE

12W -12W
 Network Analysis
Network Analysis set upon two set of law

1. Element Law: relates to terminal voltage and current of individual

element.
Example: Ohm’s law
2. Connection law: relates the voltage and current shared at the
interconnection.
Example: Kritchoff’s law
Element Law
 Active and Passive
• Active Element can generate energy
Examples include
• Voltage and Current Source
• Batteries
• Generator
• OP AMP

• Passive Element cannot generate energy but can store them

Examples include
• Resistor
• Capacitor and Inductor
 Voltage and Current
Source
• An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified
voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit elements.

• An ideal dependent source is an active element in which the source

quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.
 Voltage Source
An ideal voltage source has zero internal resistance.
An ideal voltage source gives a constant voltage.
 Voltage Source
An ideal voltage source has zero internal resistance.
An ideal voltage source gives a constant voltage.

Practical voltage source has an internal resistance connected in series with an

ideal voltage.
 Current Source
• An ideal current source gives a constant current.
• An ideal current source has infinite internal resistance.
 Current Source
• An ideal current source gives a constant currentAn ideal current source has
infinite internal resistance

• Practical current source has an internal resistance connected in parallel

with ideal current source
 Dependent Source
• Dependent source behave just like independent current and voltage
sources, except their values are dependent in some way or another voltage
or current in the circuit.
 Resistor
• The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow of
electric current.

• Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional
to the current i flowing through the resistor.

A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching zero.

An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching infinity.
 Capacitor
A capacitor is a circuit element that consists of two conducting
surfaces separated by a non-conducting or dielectric material.

The capacitance is calculated as

Where A represents the area d is distance

and is the permittivity of free space

The unit of capacitance is the farad (F)

 Inductor
The inductor is a dynamic circuit element involving the time
variation of the magnetic field produced by a current.

The inductance is calculated as

where N is the number of turns,

is the length, A is the cross-sectional area,
and is the permeability of the core.

The unit of inductance is the henry (H)

Connection Law
 Branch
• A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source, electric
source or a resistor.
 Node
• A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.
 Loop
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

• An independent loop is one that contains at least one element not

contained in another loop.

• A network satisfies the fundamental theorem of network topology

# branches = # loops + # nodes - 1
 Practice Problem

Give the number of

• branches
• nodes
• loops
 Series Resistor
• The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in series is
the sum of the individual resistances.
 Parallel Resistor
• The equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is equal to the product of
their resistances divided by their sum.
 Practice Problem
• Find for the circuit

𝑅 𝑒𝑞=14.4
 Practice Problem
• Find for the circuit

𝑅 𝑒𝑞=14
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents
entering a node is zero.
N

∑ in =0
n =1

i 1 +i 3 +i 4 =i 2 +i 5
Parallel Current
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages
around a loop is zero.
M

∑ v m =0
m=1

v 2 +v 3+ v 5 = v 1+ v 4
Series Voltage
 KVL
The voltage encountered from + to – is positive
The voltage encountered from - to + is negative

Applying KVL across the loop

Practice Problem
Practice Problem
Source Transformation
 Practice Problem
• Find Vx and Ix
Voltage Divider Rule
Current Divider Rule
End of Lecture-1
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