*WELCOME

GOVT.COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)
ANGUL

* DISORDERS OF THE
ENDOCRINE
GLANDS

SUBMITTED TO - DEPT. OF BIOLOGICAL PRESENTED BY – DEEPIKA HASDA

SCIENCE BSC. 6th semester
GUIDED BY – Mr. Nrusingha Behera ROLL NO – 19ZOO016
 * CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES
3. WHAT ARE ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
4. CATEGORIES OF ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
5. CAUSES OF ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
6. TYPES
7. GIGANTISM
8. AGROMEGALY
9. HYPOPITUITARISM
10.HYPERTHYROIDISM
11.HYPOTHYROIDISM
12.DIABETES
13.ADDISON’S DISEASE
14.MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA
15.POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME
16.HYPOGONADISM
* INTRODUCTION
• The endocrine system is a network of
glands in our body that make the
hormones that help the cells talk to each
other. In fact, they together with the
nervous system, act as the body’s
communication network.
• It is composed of various endocrine
glands and cells.
• The glands release hormones which
influence secreted cell itself (autocrine
influence), adjacent cells(paracrine
influence), or remote cells(hormonal
influence).
FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES

e.g. IL- 1 by macrophages

Significance – Plays critical role in

cancer activation and also in providing
self-sustaining growth to tumors

e.g. growth factors and clotting factors

Significance – Involved in response to

allergens, tissue repair, the formation of
scar tissue, and blood clotting

e.g. hypothalamic–pituitary-adrenal (HPA)

axis

Significance – Their hormones convey

information from one part of the body to
a distant part of the body
 * WHAT ARE ENDOCRINE
DISORDERS

 ENDOCRINE DISORDERS ARE MEDICAL CONDITIONS

WHEREIN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM WHICH PRODUCES
HORMONES, DOES NOT FUNCTION PROPERLY.

 IT INCLUDES THE GLANDS THAT SECRETE HORMONES,

THE RECEPTORS THAT RESPOND TO HORMONES AND
THE ORGANS THAT ARE DIRECTLY IMPACTED BY
HORMONES.

 BECAUSE THESE CONDITIONS AFFECT HORMONES,

THEY CAN CAUSE A WIDE RANGE OF SYMPTOMS AND
INFLUENCE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT,
METABOLISM, SEXUAL FUNCTION AND MOOD.
 * CATEGORIES OF ENDOCRINE DISORDERS

Endocrine gland hypo Endocrine gland hyper Tumours (benign or

function/ hypo secretion function / hyper function malignant) of
(leading to hormone (leading to hormone endocrine glands
deficiency) excess)

e.g. diabetes, e.g. Cushing's syndrome, e.g. adrenal tumors,

hypothyroidism, etc. Acromegaly, etc. thyroid tumors, etc.
 * CAUSES
 The endocrine’s feedback system helps control the balance of hormones in
the bloodstream.
Feedback Body
system has doesn’t
trouble clear Hormonal Endocrinal
keeping the hormones imbalance disorder
right level of out of the
hormones body

 Increased or decreased levels of hormones is caused by :-

a)Failure of feedback systems
b)Dysfunction of endocrine glands or endocrine cells :
i. Secretory cells are unable to produce or do not obtain an
adequate amount of required hormone precursors.
ii. Secretory cells are unable to convert the precursors to the
appropriate active form of hormone.
 iii. Secretory cells may synthesize and release excessive
amounts of hormone.
c) Degradation of hormones at an altered rate or they maybe
inactivated by antibodies before reaching the target cells
d) Ectopic (abnormal place) sources of hormones

 Failure of target cells to respond to hormone receptors may be caused by

a) Receptor associated disorders

b) Intracellular disorders

 A genetic disorder, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) or

congenital hypothyroidism.

 Infection

 Injury to the endocrine gland

 *TYPES
 GIGANTISM
 AGROMEGALY
 HYPOPITUITARISM
 HYPERTHYROIDISM
 HYPOTHYROIDISM
 DIABETES
 ADDISON’S DISEASE
 MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA (I AND II)
 POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYDROME
 HYPOGONADISM
 * GIGANTISM
 Disorder characterized by excessive
growth and height significantly above
average in children

CAUSE- OVERPRODUCTION OF GROWTH

HORMONE

COMPLICATIONS – DELAYED PUBERTY, COMMON

STOKE, INSOMNIA, MEMORY
LOSS, HEART PROBLEMS, etc.

TREATMENT – SURGICALLY REMOVE THE ENLARGED

PITUITARY GLAND

MEDICATIONS – OCTREOTIDE, LANREOTIDE

 * AGROMEGALY
RARE DISORDER OCCURRED WHEN THE BODY PRODUCES HIGH
LEVELS OF GROWTH HORMONE

CAUSE – A BENIGN TUMOUR THAT PRODUCES

TOO MUCH GROWTH HORMONE CALLED
ADENOMA

COMPLICATIONS - TYPE2 DIABETES, SLEEP

APNOEA, HIGH BP, HEART
PROBLEMS, OSTEOARTHRITIS,
etc.

TREATMENT – SURGERY, RADIATION THERAPY

MEDICATIONS – SOMATOSTATIN, CH RECEPTOR

ANTAGONIST

FREQUENCY – 3 PER 50,000 PEOPLE

 * HYPOPITUITARIS
M
Disorder due insufficient production of growth
hormone resulting to dwarfism.

TUMORS
TRAUMATIC BRAIN CHEMOTHERAPY
INJURY

TUBERCULOSIS BRAIN SURGERY

CAUSES

CONGENITAL
SEVERE BLEEDING (PRESENT AT
IN BRAIN BIRTH )

RADIATION
TREATMENT
 OBESITY

RAISED CHOLESTROL AND METABOLIC SYNDROME

COMPLICATION
S
OSTEOPOROSIS

ESTRADIOL DEFICIENCY

Symptoms :-
a) Tiredness b) Anemia c) Sensitivity to cold
d) Excessive thirst or urination e) Weight loss or gain
f) Irregular or no periods (in women) g) Fatigue
h) Erectile dysfunction (in men) i) Constipation

Treatment :- a) Hormone replacement therapy to restore the

deficient pituitary hormones
b) Surgical removal of adenoma

Medications :- a) Corticosteroids b) Levothyroxine

 * HYPERTHYROIDISM
DISORDER THAT OCCURS DUE TO EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF
THYROID HORMONES

GRAVES’ DISEASE

TOXIC THYROID AMIDARONE

ADENOMA
CAUSES
POSTPARTUM
THYROIDITIS
THYROIDITIS

TOXIC MULTINODULAR
GOITER
 COMPLICATIONS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Brittle bones Thyrotoxicosis

Heart problems Eye problems

Delirium

Red swollen skin

TREATMENTS

Radioactive iodine

Beta blockers

Methimazole

Propylthiouracil

Thyroidectomy
 *HYPOTHYROIDISM
DISORDER IN WHICH CAUSE THE THYROID GLAND
DOESN’T PRODUCE ENOUGH THYROID HORMONE

ALSO CALLED UNDERACTIVE THYROID, LOW THYROID, HYPOTHYREOSIS

Treatment of hyperthyroidism

Iodine deficiency Hashimoto'

Thyroiditis
CAUSE
Pregnancy
S Autoimmune
Radiation therapy disease

Congenital defects
SIGNS AND COMPLICATIONS
SYMPTOMS
Peripheral neuropathy

Goiter Myxedema

Heart problems Infertility

Birth defects Mental issues

Treatments

Levothyroxine

Restores adequate amount of hormone levels

Differences between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
 * DIABETES
IT IS A GROUP OF METABOLIC DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY HIGH BLOOD
SUGAR LEVEL (HYPERGLYCEMIA) OVER A PROLONGED PERIOD OF TIME.

CAUSE OF TYPE 2 DIABETES

HIGH
PANCREATIC
BLOOD
DISEASES
PRESSURE

OBESITY STRESS

AGE MEDICINE

GENETIC SEDENTARY
PREDISPOSITION LIFESTYLE
TREATMENTS DIET
 * ADDISON’S DISEASE
DISORDER IN WHICH THE ADRENAL GLANDS DOES NOT PRODUCE ENOUGH HORMONES

CAUSES SYMPTOMS

(i) Autoimmune response, which occurs i) Dehydration

ii) Abnormal menstrual periods
when the body’s immune system iii) Depression
assaults it’s own organs and tissues iv) Diarrhea
(ii) Injury or infection of adrenal glands v) Low blood pressure
(iii) Amyloidosis vi) Muscle weakness
(iv) Surgical removal of adrenal glands vii) Unexplained weight loss
TREATMENT viii)Bronze pigmentation of skin
ix) Nausea
 Taking hormones to replace those x) Low blood glucose
xi) Irritability
not produced by adrenal glands
xii) Craving for salty food
xiii)Abdominal pain
MEDICATIONS
xiv) Dehydration
 STEROIDS xv) Loss of appetite
xvi) Sensitivity to cold
* MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA
RARE GENETIC DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY TUMOR DEVELOPMENT

CAUSES :- MEN Syndromes are inherited as autosomal dominant disorders

SYMPTOMS

a) Tiredness
b) Bone pain
c) Kidney stones
d) Ulcers in the stomach or intestines

COMPLICATIONS

a) Arthritis link
b) Carpal tunnel syndrome
c) Tumors of colon or rectum
d) Heart diseases
 TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA

1.Pituitary tumors – Treated with surgery or drug therapy

2.Hyperparathyroidism - Surgery

3. Hypoglycemic syndrome - Surgery

4. Zollinger – Ellison syndrome (ZES):- Medication or surgery

5.Adrenal tumors – Minimally invasive surgery

6. Carcinoid tumors – Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone based therapy

7. Metastatic neuroendocrine tumors – Liver surgery, cry ablation, radiofrequency

ablation, chemoembolization
 * POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME
A HORMONAL DISORDER CAUSING ENLARGED OVARIES WITH SMALL CYSTS ON
THE OUTER EDGES
CAUSES :- COMBINATION OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

COMPLICATIONS

a)Type 2 diabetes
b)High BP
c)Problems with heart and blood
vessels
d)Uterine cancer e)Infertility

TREATMENT

a)A change in diet and activity

b)Medications to cause ovulation
c)Diabetes medication
 * HYPOGONADISM
CHARACTERIZED BY DIMINISHED FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE GONADS

Low androgen = Hypoandrogenism Low estrogen = Hypoestrogenism

CAUSES
TREATMENTS

AUTOIMMUNE Genetic HORMONE

DISORDERS disorders REPLACEMENT
THERAPY
Types

ESTROGEN
MODULATOR

SYMPTOMS
 * REFERENCES
 C. Donnell Turner (2012) General Endocrinology Pub- Affiliated
East – West Press Pvt. Ltd. – New Delhinew; 6th Edition
 Hadley , M.E. And Levine J.E. (2007). Endocrinology, 6th Edition.
Pearson Prentice- Hall, Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey
 CONSTANTI, A.;BARTKE, A.;AND KHARDORI, R. Basic
Endocrinology For Students Of Pharmacy And Allied Clinical
Heath Sciences. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers,
1998.
 Stephen Nussey And Saffron Whitehead (2001). Endocrinology:
An Integrated Approach; Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers
 Banks, W. A. (2012) Brain Visits Body: The Blood-brain Barrier As
An Endocrine Interface. Endocrinology,153(9), 4111-4119. The
Endocrine Society
THANK YOU