MAGNESIUM BASED

BIOMATERIALS IN
MEDICAL APPLICATION
Presented By GUIDED BY
ALMAS ROSHAN K ASST. PROF VINAY B
S7 MA DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ROLL NO: 28 NSS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING PALAKKAD
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 CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION

 TRADITIONAL MATERIALS

 REQUIREMENTS TO BE MET

 WHY MAGNESIUM?

 FEATURES

 APPLICATIONS

 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE SCOPE

 CONCLUSION

 REFERENCE
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 INTRODUCTION
• Increased incidents of sports-, trauma-, inflammatory- and age-related
musculoskeletal injuries and defects boosted demand for orthopedic
implant materials.

• Presently, orthopedic implants commonly utilize permanent rigid metals,

such as stainless steel and titanium, to aid in the healing process of
musculoskeletal injuries.

• However they have numerous limitations including invasive removal

surgeries that increase patient burden and risk.

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 INTRODUCTION Contd…
• Biodegradable polymers gathered attention for resembling cancellous
bone showing good biodegradability, and biocompatibility. However they
lack strength and can cause inflammation.

• Developing reliable orthopedic implants with favourable biological and

physical properties for use as bone substitutes is crucial.

• Advancements in research on magnesium and magnesium-based

alloys shows promising results in orthopedic application.

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 TRADITIONAL MATERIALS
• Currently used metal materials are medical stainless steel, Titanium based
alloys, Cobalt based alloys.

• Favourable properties- Medical inertness, strength, plasticity.

• Ceramics like Alumina and Zirconia,find applications in dental restorations

and bone substitutes

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 LIMITATIONS

•withMechanical properties- Large difference in Young’s modulus in comparison

cortical bone leading to stress masking and even osteoporosis.

• tissues,
Some metal materials may corrode or cause friction with surrounding
releasing ions that can be toxic, leading to inflammation and
allergic reactions near implants.

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 Contd…
• Non-degradable implants require additional surgery for removal,
impacting overall health and causing secondary damage.
Comparison of tensile strength, yield strength and modulus of elasticity of different implants
and bone.
Yield Strength Tensile strength Elastic modulus
Materials (Mpa) (Mpa) (Mpa)

Cortical bone 30-70 70-150 15-30

Stainless Steel
190-690 490-1350 200-210

Titanium- based
alloys 600-1060 265-1764 55-150

Cobalt-based alloys
310-1586 655-1793 210-253

Magnesium- based
alloys 585-1060 690-1100 55-110

Table-1 7
Young’s modulus of different materials compared with cortical bone

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 REQUIREMENTS TO BE MET
• Mechanical properties of selected material should match with bone which can
minimize the “stress shielding” effect and effectively promote bone healing .

• The material must exhibit strong biocompatibility and safety, preventing severe
rejection or side effects post-implantation.

• Corrosion rate- The material's corrosion should align with bone healing,
ensuring complete degradation without the need for further surgery,
minimizing secondary damage, and producing harmless degradation products.

• Ithealing.
needs to have certain osteoinductive properties which can accelerate bone

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 WHY MAGNESIUM?
• Magnesium-based biomaterials (MBs) aren’t “new”.
• However, the development of MBs has long been blocked by an undesirable
degeneration rate and a rapid decrease in mechanical strength.

• Recently, advancements in production processes and methods have greatly

improved the biological performance of MBs, especially in terms of the
corrosion of Mg and Mg alloys.

• mechanical
Diverse modalities can be fabricated with varied compositions,
properties, and functionalities thanks to development in
bioengineering.
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 FEATURES
Bone regeneration activity of MBs
• Mg2+ induces osteogenic differentiation and osteoblast differentiation,
which occur with the use of degradable magnesium metals and alloys,
thereby promoting bone regeneration.
• The degradation products of Mg and Mg alloy implants were observed to
promote new bone tissue growth and bone remodelling in animal models.
• MECHANISMS INVOLVED-
 Osteogenesis enhancement
 Prompt adhesion and motility of osteoblasts
 Inhibition of osteoclast metabolic activity and differentiation
 Immunomodulation
 Angiogenesis enhancement

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 Schematic diagram of the mechanism of magnesium ions contributing to bone

(DRGd dorsal root ganglia, CGRPdcalcitonin gene-related polypeptide-a, CALCRLd calcitonin receptor-like receptor, RAMP1d receptor
activity modifying protein 1, PDSCd periosteum-derived stem cell, cAMPd cyclic adenosine monophosphate, CREB1dcAMP responsive
element binding protein 1, TRPM7d transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M,
member 7, MAGT1d magnesium transporter 1).

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 FEATURES Contd…
Degradation
• several former attempts failed due to the rapid corrosion of Mg and
the formation of gas cavities and subcutaneous bubbles, causing a
severe decrease in mechanical strength.

Overall reaction Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2 ↑

• Ideal bone implants should degrade at rates matching new bone

restoration, progressively replaced by growing tissue until the repair process
is complete.

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 FEATURES Contd…
• Alloying, mixing Mg with other metals/non-metallics, can regulate the phase
distribution, grain size, and microstructure of Mg-based alloys, fundamentally
improving their corrosion resistance.

• With heat treatment, the second phase is dissolved or uniformly distributed in the
matrix. These changes reduce the adverse impact of galvanic corrosion and
induce uniform corrosion by mitigating pitting corrosion.

• Surface treatment further helps to generate a surface film or passivation layer on the
Mg matrix, improving the corrosion resistance at the initial stage of implantation.

• In addition, purification and deformation treatments are also effective ways to slow
the degradation process

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 FEATURES Contd…
Mechanical properties
• Magnesium is an exceptionally lightweight metal with a density (1.74g/cm3)
similar to that of natural bone (1.8–2.1 g/cm3 ). Also the fracture toughness of
magnesium is greater than that of ceramic biomaterials.

• However, compared with natural bone (130–180MPa), pure Mg has relatively

low compressive yield strength even after processing (65–100MPa).

• Alloying and Grain refinement is employed to enhance the mechanical

properties.

• Grain refinement is commonly achieved by adding refiners, including rare earth

(RE, Ce, Y, etc.) elements or Ca, Zr, Sr, and Zn, among others.
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 APPLICATIONS
• Bone repair and regeneration

* Implantation of cortical bone

* Fracture repair

* Deformities repair

* Reconstruction ACL

* Implantation of bone marrow medullary cavity

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 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE SCOPES
• Improvement of mechanical properties

• There is still much room for improving the degradation performance of MBs
while preserving the mechanical properties and biocompatibility.

• Controllable Mg2+ release

• Development of multifunctional Mg bone implants including controlled drug

delivery systems.
• Advancements in innovative technologies and methods like additive
manufacturing enabling customised patient-specific implants.

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 CONCLUSION
• Based on the excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility of magnesium,
various Mg-based biomaterials, including magnesium-based metals, alloys,
bioceramics, bio glasses and polymers, have been investigated for their potential
as biodegradable bone repair materials.

• Although most Mg and Mg-based materials suffer from unsatisfactory corrosion

resistance and/or mechanical properties and have therefore been limited to non
load-bearing bone applications, the emergence of innovative technologies and
methods has provided new solutions for overcoming these constraints.

• With the continuous improvement of Mg-based biomaterials, the new generation

of bone implant materials will likely have a broad range of potential applications
and improve the well-being of patients.
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1.
REFERENCES
Magnesium-based biomaterials as emerging agents for bone repair and
regeneration: from mechanism to application
Hang Zhou, Bing Liang, Haitao Jiang, Zhongliang Deng, Kexiao Yu
Received 27 August 2020
2. Review on magnesium and magnesium-based alloys as biomaterials for bone
immobilization
Meifeng He, Lvxin Chen, Meng Yin, Shengxiao Xu, Zhenyu Liang
Received 25 December 2022
3. Composite bone-implant engineered with magnesium and variable degradation for
orthopaedics
Adithya Garimella, Subrata Bandhu Ghosh, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh
17 April 2023.
4. Effect of Magnesium as Biomaterial in Biodegrdation
Adarsh Mathew Abraham, Venkatesan Subramani
5 June 2023. 192
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THANK YOU

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