WELCOME TO

Human Physiology
(LECTURE SESSION)

Department of Physiology
Yangzhou University School of Medicine

2020
Living Organism Comes from
a Single Cell: Fertilized Egg
Stem Cell Biology
 Embryonic Stem Cells vs
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Why is iPS Cell Research so Interesting?
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ALS: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease
Mitotic Division of Cell
Chromosome
 Numbers of Human Cell Chromosomes

Each cell has 46 chromosomes

What if a gene on one chromosome translocates to
another chromosome?

What happens if the pair of chromosome 21

becomes three?
 What if a gene on one chromosome
translocates to another chromosome?

Burkitt’s lymphoma
What happens if the pair of chromosome 21 becomes three?
Cell Cycle
All Cells Have Their Lifespan
Normal Cells Can’t Divide Indefinitely
Telomere Shortening
 Telomere vs Aging

Or take
Telomere vs Cancer
DNA Molecule
RNA Molecule
Protein Molecule
Modified Central Dogma
of Molecular Biology
 What is Mutation?

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z------- normal (wild type)

A B C D E F A H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z------- point mutation
A B C D E F -----------------N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z------- deletion
A B C D E F G G H H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z-- frame shift
 Physiological Genomics

tRNA
non-coding RNA
non-transcribed DNA (10%)

rRNA
(90%) snRNA
Genomic DNA (100%) snoRNA
piRNA (26-36 bp)
miRNA (18-25 bp)
total RNA UCR (>200 bp)
LncRNA (>200 bp)
mRNA
(2%)
 Coding RNA (mRNA) Biology

RNA Biology

Non-coding RNA Biology

microRNA(miRNA)
 Intergenic miR intronic miR

(A)n (A)n
pri-miRNA miRtron

spliceosome miRNA
cytoplasm nucleus Drosha
DGCR8 lariat Biogenesis
pre-miRNA

exportin 5

Dicer
translational
TRBP repression
Dicer

Ago TRBP
miRNA:miRNA*
deadenylation
duplex RISC
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miR-34: from Bench to Bedside
 Deficient in Differentiation of
miR-451-null Erythroblasts from Fetal Liver