Chemical Symbols Represent

Elements Chemical
Symbols are
either one or two
letters.
If one letter, it is
always
capitalized.
If two letters, the
first is
capitalized, the
A chemical symbol implies one second is lower
atom of that element. case.
Four different molecules:
• Which are compounds?
• All pure substances can be represented by a

Single Chemical Formula:

H2O
If it’s really a pure substance, you should only need to
write ONE chemical formula to describe it’s composition.
 How many atoms of each
How many atoms of each element are
element are present in one
present in one molecule of:
molecule of:

(NH4)2SO3
N……………. 2
H…………… 8
S……………. 1
O…………… 3
Practice with Vocabulary:
 Chemical Formulas show how many
atoms of each element are in one molecule
of an element or compound:
Chemical # of # of atoms # of Carbon
Formula elements total atoms
O2 1 2 0
H2O 2 3 0
C3H8O 3 12 3
C6H12O4Cl 4 23 6
 Methods of Mixture Separation
1) Mechanical Separation (often by hand)
takes advantage of physical properties
such as color and shape.

Example: Recycling Plastic, Paper, Metal

Mrs.FranciscoFiles@2020
 Hand Picking
 The components of a solid-solid mixture can
be separated by hand picking.

 This is only useful when the particles are large

enough to be seen clearly.

For example
• separating pebbles from rice or dal,
• separating grass from mint leaves, and
• separating parts of a salad.
 Methods of Mixture Separation
2) Magnetic Separation takes advantage of
the physical property of magnetism.

Example:
Separating Metals in
a Scrap Yard
 Magnetic Attraction or Magnetism
Magnetism is a process in which magnetically
susceptible material is extracted from a
mixture using a magnetic force.
 Methods of Mixture Separation
3) Filtration takes
advantage of
the physical
property of the
state of
matter. A
screen lets the
liquid particles
through, but
traps the solid
particles. Example: Filtering Coffee, Spaghetti
 A filter can
also be used
to separate
solid
particles of
different
sizes.
(ex. a window
screen, an air
filter, a sand
sieve)
Ms.MedesFiles@2020
 Filtration
Filtration is commonly the mechanical or
physical operation which is used for the
separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases)
by interposing a medium through which only
the fluid can pass.

oExample:
Using a coffee filter to separate the coffee
flavor from the coffee beans.
 Methods of Mixture Separation
4) Decanting:
To pour off a
liquid, leaving
another liquid
or solid behind.
Takes
advantage of
differences in
density.

Example: To decant a liquid from a precipitate

or water from rice.
 Methods of Mixture Separation
5 ) Distillation:
The
separation of
a mixture of
liquids based
on the
physical
property of
boiling
point.
Example: the distillation of alcohol or oil
 Distillation

Distillation the process by which a mixture is

separated by heating a solution and condensing
using a cooling tube.
The liquid collected is the distillate.
 “It is the process whereby distilled water
is produced and accessible in the market”

“Rain water is a product of distillation”

“Some medicine that has fish oil ingredients

passes through double distillation”.

Gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, and lubricating oil are

produced from petroleum by distillation.
 The
solution is
boiled
and steam
is driven
off.
 Salt
remains
after all
water is
boiled
off.
 Methods of Mixture Separation
6) Evaporation:
Vaporizing a
liquid and
leaving the
dissolved
solid(s)
behind.
Used to
separate salt
solutions.

Example: Obtaining sea salt from sea water

 Evaporation

Evaporation is a process in which a liquid

changes into gaseous form on heating.
Allowing the liquid to evaporate, leaving the
soluble solid behind.
 Methods of Mixture Separation
Density Separation:

More dense components

sink to the bottom and
less dense components
float.

Mrs.Francisco@2020
 Methods of Mixture Separation
7) Centrifuge:
Circular
motion helps
denser
components
sink to the
bottom faster.

Examples: The separation of blood or DNA from blood

 Methods of Mixture Separation
8) Paper
chromatography:
Uses the property of
molecular attraction to
separate a mixture.
Different molecules
have different
attractions for the paper
(the stationary phase)
vs. the solvent (the
mobile phase)

Example: the separation of

plant pigments and dyes
 Paper Chromatography

Paper Chromatography used to separate out

one color from a mixture of colors.
 Separation by
Chromatography
oExam
ples:
Using chromatography paper to separate ink into
it’s original components
 Methods of Mixture Separation
Fractional
Crystallization:
Dissolved
substances
crystallize out of a
solution once their
solubility limit is
reached as
the solution cools.

Examples: Growing Rock Candy or the Crystallization of a

Magma Chamber
 Crystallization

Crystallization is a process which separates a

pure solid in the form of its crystals from a
saturated solution.
 Threshing
 Threshing is the method that generally used
by the farmers to separate the grains from the
stalks after harvesting.

 The dried stalks are beaten or threshed to

separate the grains.

 However, in large farms threshing is done by

using threshing machines.
 Winnowing
 In Winnowing the mixture is allowed to fall
from a height.

 The lighten components get separated from

the heavier ones because of wind or air
blow.

 This method is used to separate lighter husk

from heavier Grains like wheat.
 Sifting or Sieving

Sieving is used to separate a dry mixture which

contains substances of different sizes by
passing it through a sieve.
 A sieve is a device containing tiny holes
and separates wanted elements from
unwanted material.
 Sublimation

The process in
which a solid
changes
directly into
gaseous
state on
heating is
called
sublimation.
 Sedimentation and Decantation

Sedimentation is the process by which the

insoluble, heavy solid particles settle down their own in a
solution. In order to separate the two, the liquid has to
be gently poured into another