E- R DATA MODEL

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Overview
 ER Data Model Foreign Key
Relationships
 Types of Entity type
Symbol for Relationships
 Weak Entity Types
Relationships types
 Strong Entity Type 1. Unary Relationship
 Naming Entity Types 2. Binary Relationship
 Symbols Attributes of the
 Attribute Relationship
3. Ternary Relationships
 Types of Attributes
 Symbols for Attributes
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 Primary Key
ER Data Model (or E-R Model)
The ER model defines the conceptual
view of a database. It works around real-
world entities and the associations among
them.
At view and engineering level, the ER
model is considered as a good option for
designing databases.

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 ER Data Model (or E-R Model)
 An entity-relationship model (e-r model) is a
detailed, logical representation of the data for an
organization or for a business area.
 The E-R model is expressed in terms of entities in the
business environment, the relationships (or
associations) among those entities, and the attributes
(or properties) of both the entities and their
relationships.
 An E-R model is normally expressed as an entity-
relationship diagram (E-R diagram, or ERD), which is
a graphical representation of an E-R model.
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 E-R Model vs. E-R diagram
E-R Diagram:
E-R Model:
A graphical
Logical representation representation of an
of the data for an entity-relationship
organization or for a model.
business area, using
entities for categories
of data and
relationships for
associations between
entities. 6
Major Components of ERD
 Entities
 Attributes
 Relationships

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Entity
 Term used to mean three different
meanings
 Entity type
 Entity instance
 Entity set

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Entity Type
 A name/label assigned to
items/objects that exist in an
environment and that have similar
properties
 It could be person, place, event or
even concept
 Entity Type
 Distinguishable from other entity types on
the basis of properties
 Identified through abstraction process
 Different from External Entity (Not from un-
related terminology)
 Entity Instance & Set

 A particular object belonging to a particular

entity type
 Entity Type: Employee
 Entity Instance: M. Sharif
 Entity Set: All employees
 Types of Entity type

Entity types can be classified into

1. Regular/Strong/Independent ETs

2. Weak/Dependent ETs

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Weak Entity Types

An entity type whose instances cannot exist

without being linked with instances of some
other entity type, i.e.
They cannot exist independently.

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Strong Entity Type

 A strong/regular entity type is the one

whose instances can exist independently,
i.e., without being linked to other instances
 Strong ETs have their own identity

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Naming Entity Types

 Singular noun recommended

 Organization specific names
 Write in capitals
 Abbreviations can be used.
E.G student enrollment
STD_ENROL

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Symbols
Reg Entity Type NAME

Weak Entity Type NAME

BOOK BOOK_COPY
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Attribute

An attribute of an entity type is a defining

property or quality of the instances of that
entity type. Entity instances of same entity
type have the same attributes. (e.g. Student
Identification, Student Name)
 Every attribute has a domain
-Set of possible values for an attribute

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1. Simple Attributes-

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2. Composite Attributes-

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3. Single Valued
Attributes-

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4. Multi Valued Attributes-

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5. Derived Attributes-

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6. Key Attributes-

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 Symbols for Attributes

 Each represented as an oval, linked with

an ET symbol

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Types of Attributes

 Simple vs. composite

 Single valued vs. multi-valued
 Stored vs. derived

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Symbols for Attributes

Simple
Composite
Multi-valued
Derived
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 Example

Experience empId empName

EMPLOYEE address

dateHired emp_Qual street houseNo

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Table
Customers

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Field (Column)
Customers

a field

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Record (Row)
Customers

a record

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 Primary Key
Customers

primary key field

Primary key is a unique identifier of records in a table.

Primary key values may be generated manually or automatically.

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Primary Key
Roles (Performances)

Composite primary key fields

A primary key can consist of more than one field

called composite PK.
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 Foreign Key
primary key field
parent table

Directors

relationship child table

Movies

foreign key field

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Relationships

 Relationships are the connections and

interactions between the entities instances,
e.g., Program and Student ETs are linked
 Naming Relationships
 Up to you
 If there is no proper name of the association in the
system then participants’ names of abbreviations
are used
 STUDENT and CLASS have ENROLL relationship
 However, it can also be named as STD_CLS
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Symbol for Relationships

DEPT EMP

STD BOOK
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Relationships types

 Relationship type can be identified like an

entity type
 Entities involved in a relationship are called
its participants
 Types of the relationships can be established
on the basis of participant ETs

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 One-to-One Relationships
 One-to-Many Relationships
 Many to One Relationships
 Many-to-Many Relationships

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1.One-to-one:
 One instance from entity set X can be
associated with at most one instance of
entity set Y and vice versa.
 Example: One student can register for
numerous courses. However, all those
courses have a single line back to that
one student. But one at a time.

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One to one

Deptt HoD

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2.One-to-many:
 One instance from entity set X can be
associated with multiple instances of
entity set Y, but an entity from entity
set Y can be associated with at least
one entity.
 For example, one class is consisting of
multiple students.

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3. Many to One
 More than one instances from entity set
X can be associated with at most one
instance of entity set Y. However, an
instance from entity set Y may or may
not be associated with more than one
instance from entity set X.
 For example, many students belong to
the same class.
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4. Many to Many:
 One instance from Entity X can be
associated with more than one
Instances from Y and vice versa.
 For example, Students as a group are
associated with multiple faculty
members, and faculty members can be
associated with multiple students.

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Sample ERD

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