Lecture 3

Types of OS from Evolution of
Operating System
OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS – Chapter 3

Thursday, December 7, 2023 Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition ©2021 Computer Science Faculty, PU
Objectives of this Lecture
• Learning different Types of Operating System
• To introduce the Batch Operating Systems -
• To describe the Real-Time operating systems
various kind of this operating system
• To explore distributed operating systems
• To describe network operating systems
Types of Operating System
Type of operating systems are there from the very first computer generation.
Operating systems keep evolving over the period of time.
• Following are few of the important types of operating system which are
most commonly used.
• Batch Operating Systems
• Multiprogramming
• Time Sharing Systems
• Distributed Systems
• Network operating systems
• Real-Time Systems
Batch operating system
Batch operating system(cont..)
• The early computers of the late 1950s had no operating system.
• In batch os computer system only do one job in same time .
• The users of batch operating system do not interact with the computer
directly.
• similar types of jobs are firstly prepared and they are Stored on the Card
and that card will be Submit to the System for the Processing.
• Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and
submits it to the computer operator.
The problems with Batch Systems are following.

• Lack of interaction between the user and job.
• CPU is often idle, because the speeds of the
mechanical I/O devices is slower than CPU.
Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition ©2021 Computer Science Faculty,

Thursday, December 7, 2023
PU
Advantages of Simple Batch Systems

• Repeated jobs are done fast in batch systems without user interaction.
• You don’t need special hardware and system support to input data in
batch systems.
• Batch systems can work offline.
Multiprogramming
• Multiprogramming is a technique to execute number of programs
simultaneously by a single processor.
• In this number of processes reside in main memory at a time.
• The OS picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the main memory.
• If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU switches from that job to
another job.
• If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, then the system chooses
which one to run through the process of CPU Scheduling.
• In Multiprogramming system, CPU will never be idle and keeps on
processing.
Multiprogramming(cont..)
• If it were possible for memory to hold a second program, then
the processor could be used by the second program while the
first program was waiting for I/O operations to finish, making
more effective use of the processor.
• If enough memory was available, a number of programs could
be accommodated allowing the processor to be utilized
continuously.
Multiprogramming

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Time-sharing operating systems
• Time sharing is a technique which enables many

people, located at various terminals, to use a
particular computer system at the same time.
• Time-sharing (multitasking) is a logical extension
of multiprogramming.
• Processor's time which is shared among multiple
users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing..
Time-sharing operating systems(cont..)
• The main difference between Multiprogrammed- Batch Systems
and Time-Sharing Systems is that in case of Multiprogrammed
batch systems, objective is to maximize processor use, whereas
in Time-Sharing Systems objective is to minimize response
time.
Example
• Bank’s bankcard system, which allows hundreds of people to
access the same program on the mainframe at the same time.
• Watching a movie while downloading a song.

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Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:
• Each task gets an equal opportunity
• CPU idle time can be reduced
• Provide advantage of quick response.
• Avoids duplication of software.
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:
• Reliability problem
• One must have to take care of security and integrity of user programs
and data
• Data communication problem
Thursday, December 7, 2023 Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition
©2021 Computer Science Faculty, P
Distributed operating System
• Distributed Means Data is stored on to the Multiple Computers which are
placed in Different Locations.
• Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly to
which one can perform each job most efficiently.
• The processors communicate with one another through various
communication lines.
• Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These
processors are referred as sites, nodes, computers and so on.
Distributed operating System(cont..)
Advantages of distributed systems.

• If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining
sites can potentially continue operating.
• Better service to the customers.
• Fast processing.
• Better service to the customers.
• Reduction of the load on the host computer.
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:
 Failure of the main network will stop the entire
communication
 These types of systems are not readily available as
they are very expensive.
Network Operating System
• Network Operating System runs on a server and provides

server the capability to manage data, users, groups,
security, applications, and other networking functions.
• The primary purpose of the network operating system is
to allow shared file and printer security, applications,
and other networking functions access among multiple
computers in a network, typically a local area network
(LAN), a private network or to other networks.
Network Operating System(cont..)
• A network operating system provides an environment in

which users, who are aware of the multiplicity of
machines, can access remote resources by either logging
in to the appropriate remote machine or transferring data
from the remote machine to their own machines.
• Currently, all general-purpose operating systems, and
even embedded operating systems such as Android and
iOS, are network operating systems.
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The advantages of network operating systems are

following.
• Centralized servers are highly stable.
• Security is server managed.
• Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily
integrated into the system.
• Remote access to servers is possible from different
locations and types of systems.
Disadvantages of Network Operating System:

• High cost of buying and running a server.
• User has to depend on central location for most operations
• Maintenance and updates are required regularly
• Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft
Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008,
UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X
Real Time operating System
• A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in

which the time respond to inputs is so small that it controls the
environment.
• In the RTOS the task will be completed by specified time .
• Buffering delays.
• For example Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, and home-
applicance controllers, Air traffic control system etc..
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Real Time operating System(cont..)
Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are

as follows:
 Hard Real Time System
 Soft Real Time System:
Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are as follows:
• Hard Real Time System: In the Hard Real Time System, Time is fixed
and we can’t Change any Moments of the Time of Processing.
• These systems are built for saving life like automatic parachutes or air
bags which are required to be readily available in case of any accident.
Virtual memory is almost never found in these systems.
• Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on time
• 0.1 % delay .
• Air control traffic system
Soft Real Time System:

• Means after giving the Command to the CPU, CPU
Performs the Operation after a Microsecond.
• Soft real-time systems are less delay.
• Example Bank
Advantages of RTOS:
• Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and system, thus more
output from all the resources
• Task Shifting: Time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are very less. For
example in older systems it takes about 10 micro seconds in shifting one task to another
and in latest systems it takes 3 micro seconds.
• Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance to
applications which are in queue.
• Real time operating system in embedded system: Since size of programs are small,
RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in transport and others.
• Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these type of systems.
Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition ©2021 Computer Science

Faculty, PU
Disadvantages of RTOS:
• Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their
concentration is very less on few applications to avoid errors.
• Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are
not so good and they are expensive as well.
• Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and
difficult for the designer to write on.
• Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these
systems are very less prone to switching tasks.
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References
1. Abraham-Silberschatz-Operating-System-Concepts-
9th 2018.12.
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-operating-s
ystems/
End of Chapter 3

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Types of OS from Evolution of

OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS – Chapter 3

The problems with Batch Systems are following.

Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition ©2021 Computer Science Faculty,

Advantages of Simple Batch Systems

Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition ©2021 Computer Science Faculty,

• Time sharing is a technique which enables many

Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition ©2021 Computer Science Faculty,

Advantages of distributed systems.

• Network Operating System runs on a server and provides

• A network operating system provides an environment in

The advantages of network operating systems are

Disadvantages of Network Operating System:

• A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in

Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are

Soft Real Time System:

Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition ©2021 Computer Science

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