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Introduction To Power System Analysis
Introduction To Power System Analysis
Introduction To Power System Analysis
Analysis
ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials
Prof. Lou van der Sluis
7 December 2023
Delft
University of
Technology
A. Complex power S
B. Apparent power |S|
C. Active power P
D. Reactive power Q
• An inductive current
A. leads
B. lags
the voltage
• A capacitive load
A. supplies
B. consumes
reactive power
• Nowadays:
• 60 Hz in North America, Brazil and Japan (has also 50 Hz!)
• 50 Hz in most other countries
• 25 Hz Railways (Amtrak)
• 16⅔ Hz Railways
• 400 Hz Oil rigs, ships and airplanes
Phys :: f 1.52.5
• Increases the eddy current losses:
Peddy :: f 2 2
• Increases the cable and line impedance
• 3 phase systems
• Power
• Voltage levels
• Phasors
Vc Ic
• Voltages in the 3 phases have
the same amplitude, but differ
120 electrical degrees in phase Va
Vc Ic
I n I a Ib Ic 0
I n I a Ib Ic 0
0
Va
Ic
Ia
Ib Ia
Ib
Vb
Vc Ic
120º
Va
Ib Ia
Vb 120º
3 1
Vab Van Vbn V j 3V
2 2
3 V 30 3Van 30
P: Active power (average value viR)
Q: Reactive power (average value viX)
I*
V
I
• Inductive load consumes reactive power (Q>0)
• Current lags the supply voltage
Positive
V V 0 I I
S VI * V I V I (cos j sin ) P jQ
• Capacitive load generates reactive power (Q<0)
• Current leads the supply voltage
V V 0 I I Negative
S VI * V I V I (cos j sin ) P jQ
1. Introduction to Power System Analysis 21 | 33
Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
Power (3)
S Complex power VA S S P jQ VI *
V I V I cos j sin
|S| Apparent power VA S V I P2 Q2
P Active power W
P Re( S ) S cos() V I cos()
Average power
2 2
P I R P V /R
2 2
Q I X QV /X
P S cos() V I cos()
P P 1 Q
cos() cos() cos tan
S P2 Q2 P
6000 km
L
C/2 C/2
50 V
100
30°
86.6
Example:
v(t) = 100 2*cos(t+30)
V = |V| = 10030°
= 86.6 + j*50
= 100*(cos(30)+j*sin(30))
Power
System
V1 a jb and V2 c jd V V and I I
V1 V2 (a c) j (b d ) VI V I
V1 V2 (a c) j (b d ) V V
I I
V1* a jb
V * V
U = IR
Current lagging
U = jLI
Current leading
I = jCU
Current I b Sb / 3 V 577.3 A
b
/ 3 I V / S 100
2
Impedance Z b Vb b b b