Automotive Sensor System

Interaction with ABS

Anti-lock Braking System

Nandini Mehta
729718
MEASUREMENT AND
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

Nandini Mehta www.tu-chemnitz.de

 Content

• Introduction to ABS
• Need for Anti-lock Brake
• Functions of ABS
• Working of ABS
• Operation of ABS
• Benefits of ABS
• Limitations of ABS
• Ways to overcome this Limitation
• Application of ABS
• Conclusion

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 Introduction to Anti-lock Braking System

• It is a type of active safety system in

a vehicle.
• known as a non-sleep braking
system.
• This system kiks when the driver
suddenly applies the brakes during
emergency.
• The use of antilock braking system in
cars and motercycles is now
mandatory in most of the world.
Fig 1. Anti-lock brake

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 Need for Anti-lock Brakes

• Whenever the driver suddenly brakes a vehicle at high speed, there

is always the possibility that the wheels will lock up.
• Locking the wheel means that the respective wheel comes to a
sudden stop instead of slowing to stop.

Fig 2. Example of car with and without ABS

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 Need of Anti-lock Braking System

• Due to the locking of the wheels, driver loses control of vehicle

and vehicle gose off the road.
• This is how fatal accident occurs.
• To avoid such situations, ABS is used now a days.

Fig 3. Anti-lock braking system

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 Functions of Anti-lock Braking System

• ABS help to maintain control and steering ability while braking

hard or on sleepery surfaces.
• It modulate the brake pressure to each wheel individually,
preventing them from fully locking up[1].
• Components of ABS:
• Wheel speed sensor
• ABS control module
• Brake control unit
• Valves
• Pump

Fig 4. Functions of ABS

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 Working of Anti-lock Braking System

• ABS uses sensors to monitor the rotational speed of each wheel.

• If the sensors detect a wheel is about to lock up, it triggers the ABS
system.

1. Wheel Speed Sensors :

• Located at each wheel.
• Detect the rotational speed of wheel[2].
• Generate electrical signals that provide
real-time data on wheel speed to ABS system.
Fig 5. Wheel speed sensor

2. Electronic Control Unit [ECU] :

• known as ABS control module, is the brain of the ABS system.
• Continuously monitors and receives signal from wheel speed sensor.
• Processes the data to determine if the wheel is lock-up or not.
• Control the operation of other component of ABS[3].
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 Working of Anti-lock Braking System

3. Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU) :

• Responsible for controlling the brake pressure to each wheel.
• It consists of hydraulic valves, solenoids and pump.
4. Solenoid valves :
• Electromagnetic valves controlled by the ECU.
• When ECU commands a change in brake pressure, it opens or closes the
appropriate solenoid valves to modulate pressure[4].

Fig 6. Working of HCU and ECU

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 Working of Anti-lock Braking System

5. Brake Lines and Hydraulic Circuit :

• It carry the brake fluid from master cylinder to each brake.
• HCU is connected to hydraulic circuits.
• It can adjust the pressure applied to each wheel’s brake circuit independently.

6. Brake Calipers and Brake Pads :

• Responsible for applying pressure to the brake discs or drums.
• When brake pedal is pressed, brake fluid is sent from master cylinder to caliper.
• Which engage the brake pads againts brake discs or drums to slow down the
vehicles[5].

7. ABS indicator :
• Pedal feedback serves as an indication to driver that ABS actively working.
• ABS remain active until the braking event is complited.

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 Working of Anti-lock Braking System

Fig 7. Working of ABS

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 Operation of Anti-lock Braking System

• Wheel about to lock up,

ABS system reduce brake
pressure on that wheel.
• Modulate the brake
pressure repidly.
• Allowing wheel to rotate.
• Repeated multiple times
per second untill the
vehicle slow down
safely[6].

Fig 8. Operation of ABS

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 Benefits of Anti-lock Braking System

1. Improved Steering Control :

• Allow driver to maintain steering control while braking.
• Reducing the risk of skidding and loss of control.

2. Shorter Braking Distances :

• By preventing wheel lock-up, it help to shorten braking distance, specially
on slippery surfaces.

3. Enhanced Stability :
• Maintain vehicle stability by preventing the wheel from sliding.

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 Limitations of Anti-lock Braking System

1. Limited Effectiveness on loose or uneven surfaces :

• Gravel, Snow.
• Struggle to prevent wheel lock-up on these surface.

Fig 9. Limited effectiveness on wet roads

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 Limitations of Anti-lock Braking System

2. Reliance on Wheel
Speed Sensors :
• Depend on accurate
inputs from wheel speed
sensors.

3. Increasing Stopping
Distance on Certain
Conditions[7] : Fig 10. Increasing stopping distance on icy roads

• Braking on icy or wet

roads.
• Reduce efficiency.

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 Ways to overcome this Limitation

1. Improved Traction Control System :

• It can adjust engine power and braking force distribution.

2. Development of Enhanced ABS Algorithm :

• Continuous research and development.
• Advanced algorithm can optimize braking performance on different road.

3. Integration with Electronic Stability Control (ESC) :

• Integrating ABS with ESC system can enhance vehicle stability.
• ESC can apply individual brakes and module engine power to maintain
stability on various surfaces[8].

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 Application of Anti-lock Braking System

1. Passenger Vehicles :
• Enhance brakig performance
and safety.
• Allow driver to maintain
control during emergency.

2. Commercial Vehicles :
• Prevent wheel lock-up.
• Reducing risk of skidding
and accident.
• E.g.- In trucks and buses.

Fig 11. ABS in passenger vehicles

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 Application of Anti-lock Braking System

3. Motorcycles :
• Adopted in motorcycles for improved braking stability and contol.
• Helps rider to maintain stability during hard braking or on slippery
surfaces[9].

Fig 12. ABS in motorcycle

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 Conclusion

• ABS work as a safety feature in vehicles.

• Prevents wheel lock-up during braking.
• Modulates brake pressure to individual wheels.
• Allowing for better control, Shorter braking distances.
• Improved stability.
• Widely used in modern vehicles.
• Significant advancement in automotive safety technology.

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 References

1. Mo, Jo., Choi, JH. Investigating the Effect of Valve Shape on Anti-Lock
Braking System Plunger Pump Performance Using Fluid-Structure Interaction
Simulation. Int.J Automot. Technol. 22, 429–439 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-021-0040-4
2. Radac, Mircea Bogdan, and Radu Emil Precup. Data-Driven Model-Free Slip
Control of Anti-Lock Braking Systems Using Reinforcement Q-Learning.,
Neurocomputing 2018.
3. Wang, Chunyan, Wanzhong Zhao, and Wenkui Li. Braking Sense Consistency
Strategy of Electro-Hydraulic Composite Braking System. Mechanical
Systems and Signal Processing 2018.
4. Senatore, Adolfo and Sharifzadeh, Mojtaba. Estimation of tyre-road friction
during ABS braking for snow and ice conditions. Jworkshop AIT Tribologia e
Industria 2018.
5. Moghaddam, Hamidreza and Mojallali, Hamed. Robust control of anti-lock
braking system using optimized fast terminal sliding mode controller.
Modares Mechanical Engineering 2017.

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 References

6. Minh, Vu Trieu, Oamen, Godwin, Vassiljeva, Kristina and Teder, Leo.

"Development of Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) for Vehicles Braking"
Open Engineering, vol. 6, no. 1, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2016-0078
7. Liu, T., Yu, Z., Xiong, L., and HAN, W., "Anti-Lock Braking System Control
Design on An Integrated-Electro-Hydraulic Braking System," SAE Int. J. Veh.
Dyn., Stab., and NVH 1(2):298-306, 2017,
https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1578.
8. Filipozzi, L., Assadian, F., Kuang, M., Johri, R. et al., "An Investigation into
the Traction and Anti-Lock Braking System Control Design," SAE Technical
Paper 2020-01-0997, 2020, https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0997.
9. M. Corno, L. D'Avico and S. M. Savaresi, "An Anti-Lock Braking System for
Bicycles," 2018 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications
(CCTA), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2018, pp. 834-839, doi:
10.1109/CCTA.2018.8511615.

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 Thank You…

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