Lecture 1 Gates

Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Lecture-1
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
1
Module 1: Fundamentals of Digital

Systems
2
Todays Lecture
 Digital signals
 Basic Digital circuits
3
Introduction
Analog and digital signals are used to transmit

information, usually through electric signals.
In analog technology, information is translated into

electric pulses of varying amplitude.
In digital technology, translation of information is into

binary format (zero or one) where each bit is
representative of two distinct amplitudes.
4
Reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0iSEDyJKDo
Salient features to digital systems
Digital system manipulates discrete elements( digital

signals)
Digital signal- is a signal which have predetermined
distinct magnitudes.
Depending upon number of distinct magnitudes the digital
signal is classified as
 Binary ( 2)
 octal (8)
 hexadecimal(16)
Example of Analog Signals

• An analog signal can be any time-varying signal.
• Minimum and maximum values can be either positive or negative.
• They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic.
• Sine waves and square waves are two common analog signals.
• Note that this square wave is not a digital signal because its
minimum value is negative.
0 volts
Sine Wave Square Wave Random-Periodic

(not digital) 7
Parts of an Analog Signal

Period
(T)
Frequency:
Amplitude
(peak) 1
F  Hz
Amplitude
(peak-to-peak)
T
8
Logic Levels
Before examining digital signals, we must define logic levels.
A logic level is a voltage level that represents a defined
digital state.
Logic HIGH: The higher of two voltages, typically 5 volts
Logic LOW: The lower of two voltages, typically 0 volts
5.0 v
Logic High
Logic Level Voltage True/False On/Off 0/1
2.0 v HIGH 5 volts True On 1

Invalid LOW 0 volts False Off 0
Logic
0.8 v Level
0.0 v Logic Low 9

Example of Digital Signals

• Digital signal are commonly referred to as square waves or clock
signals.
• Their minimum value must be 0 volts, and their maximum value
must be 5 volts.
• They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic.
5 volts
0 volts
10
Parts of a Digital Signal

Amplitude:
For digital signals, this will ALWAYS be Falling Edge
5 volts.
Period:
Amplitude
The time it takes for a periodic signal to
repeat. (seconds) Time Time
High Low
Frequency: (tH) (tL)
A measure of the number of
occurrences of the signal per second.
(Hertz, Hz)
Rising Edge
Time High (tH):
Period (T)
The time the signal is at 5 v.
Time Low (tL):
The time the signal is at 0 v. Frequency:
Duty Cycle: 1 tH
The ratio of tH to the total period (T). F Hz DutyCycle   100%
T T
Rising Edge:
A 0-to-1 transition of the signal.
11
Falling Edge:
A 1-to-0 transition of the signal.
Basic Digital Devices
Logic Gates: An electronic gate is a circuit

which is able to perform a particular logical
fuction.It has one or more inputs but only
one output
12
Basic Logic Gates

and Basic Digital Design
1.BASIC GATES
 AND, and
 OR Gates
 NOT
Basic Logic Gates

2.Universal Gates
 NAND and
 NOR Gates
Basic Logic Gates

3.Exclusive Gate
 OR (XOR) Gate
 NOR(XNOR)
AND Gate
 Two or more inputs and a single output
 Produces a 1 output only when all inputs
are 1s
 Total number of possible combinations:
N = 2n where: n = total number of input
variables
Performs basic operation of multiplication

16
AND Gate
AND
X
Z
Y
Z = X & Y
Truth Table
AND Gate
18
OR Gate
 Produces a 1 output if any of its
inputs are 1s
 Performs basic operation of
addition
 Can have any number of inputs
greater than one
19
OR Gate
Truth Table for two inputs
20
Logic Symbols for OR Gate
21
OR Gate
OR
X Y Z
X 0 0 0
Z 0 1 1
Y 1 0 1
1 1 1
Z = X | Y
NOT Gate
Referred to as an inverter
Converts the input state to an

opposite output state
 Only two input combinations

possible
23
Truth Table -NOT Gate
24
Logic Symbol-NOT Gate
25
NOT Gate -- Inverter
NOT X Y
X Y 0 1
1 0
Y = ~X
NOT
X ~X ~~X = X
X ~X ~~X
0 1 0
1 0 1
NAND Gate
 Combination of an inverter and an
AND gate (NOT-AND)
 Most commonly used logic function
 Produces a 1 output when any of the

inputs are 0s
 Available with two, three, four, eight,

and thirteen inputs
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Truth Table :NAND Gate
29
NAND Gate
NAND
X Y Z
X 0 0 1
0 1 1
Z
1 0 1
Y 1 1 0
Z = ~(X & Y)
nand(Z,X,Y)
NAND Gate
NOT-AND
X Y W Z
X 0 0 0 1
W 0 1 0 1
Z
1 0 0 1
Y 1 1 1 0
W = X & Y
Z = ~W = ~(X & Y)
NAND Gate
X Z X Z
=
Y Y
Z = ~(X & Y) Z = ~X | ~Y
X Y W Z X Y ~X ~Y Z
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
NOR Gate
 Combination of an inverter and an
OR gate (NOT-OR)
 Produces a 1 output only when

both inputs are 0s
 Available with two, three, four,

and eight inputs
33
Logic Symbol:NOR Gate
34
Truth table:two-input NOR Gate.
35
NOR Gate
NOR
X Y Z
X 0 0 1
Z 0 1 0
Y 1 0 0
1 1 0
Z = ~(X | Y)
nor(Z,X,Y)
NOR Gate
NOT-OR
X Y W Z
X 0 0 0 1
W
Z 0 1 1 0
Y 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
W = X | Y
Z = ~W = ~(X | Y)
NOR Gate
X X
Z Z
Y Y
Z = ~(X | Y) Z = ~X & ~Y
X Y Z X Y ~X ~Y Z
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
Exclusive OR
Exclusive OR gate (XOR)
 Has only two inputs
 Produces a 1 output only if both
inputs are different
39
Exclusive OR: Logic Symbol
40
Exclusive OR: Truth Table
41
Exclusive-OR Gate
XOR
X Y Z
X
Z 0 0 0
Y
0 1 1
Z = X ^ Y 1 0 1
xor(Z,X,Y)
1 1 0
Exclusive NOR Gates
Exclusive NOR gate (XNOR)
 Complement of the XOR gate
 Produces a 1 output only when

both inputs are the same
43
Exclusive NOR Gates: Logic

Symbol
44
Exclusive NOR Gates: Truth

Table
45
Exclusive-NOR Gate
XNOR
X Y Z
X
Z 0 0 1
Y
0 1 0
Z = ~(X ^ Y)
1 0 0
Z = X ~^ Y
1 1 1
xnor(Z,X,Y)
Multiple-input Gates
Z1 Z2
Z3 Z4
Multiple-input AND Gate
Z1
Output Z 1 is HIGH only if all inputs are HIGH
An open input will float HIGH

Multiple-input OR Gate
Z2
Output Z 2 is LOW only if all inputs are LOW

Multiple-input NAND Gate
Z3
Output Z 3 is LOW only if all inputs are HIGH

Multiple-input NOR Gate
Z4
Output Z 4 is HIGH only if all inputs are LOW

Summary
 An AND gate produces a 1 output when
all of its inputs are 1s
An OR gate produces a 1 output if any of
its inputs are 1s
 A NOT gate converts the input state to
an opposite output state
 A NAND gate produces a 1 output when
any of the inputs are 0s
52
Summary
 A NOR gate produces a 1 output only
when both inputs are 0s
 An exclusive OR (XOR) gate produces a

1 output only if both inputs are different
 An exclusive NOR (XNOR) gate

produces a 1 output only when both inputs
are the same
53
Assignment
1.What do you mean by Universal Gates?
Implement AND Gate by using universal Gates.
2.Prove that OR-AND configuration is equivalent

to NOR-NOR configuration?
54

Lecture 1 Gates

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Amity School of Engineering & Technology

Module 1: Fundamentals of Digital

 Basic Digital circuits

Analog and digital signals are used to transmit

In analog technology, information is translated into

In digital technology, translation of information is into

Salient features to digital systems

Digital system manipulates discrete elements( digital

Example of Analog Signals

Sine Wave Square Wave Random-Periodic

Parts of an Analog Signal

2.0 v HIGH 5 volts True On 1

0.0 v Logic Low 9

Example of Digital Signals

Parts of a Digital Signal

Basic Digital Devices

Logic Gates: An electronic gate is a circuit

Basic Logic Gates

Basic Logic Gates

Basic Logic Gates

Performs basic operation of multiplication

Truth Table for two inputs

Logic Symbols for OR Gate

Converts the input state to an

 Only two input combinations

Truth Table -NOT Gate

Logic Symbol-NOT Gate

NOT Gate -- Inverter

 Most commonly used logic function

 Produces a 1 output when any of the

 Available with two, three, four, eight,

Truth Table :NAND Gate

 Produces a 1 output only when

 Available with two, three, four,

Logic Symbol:NOR Gate

Truth table:two-input NOR Gate.

Exclusive OR: Logic Symbol

Exclusive OR: Truth Table

Exclusive NOR Gates

Exclusive NOR gate (XNOR)

 Complement of the XOR gate

 Produces a 1 output only when

Exclusive NOR Gates: Logic

Exclusive NOR Gates: Truth

Multiple-input AND Gate

Output Z 1 is HIGH only if all inputs are HIGH

An open input will float HIGH

Output Z 2 is LOW only if all inputs are LOW

Multiple-input NAND Gate

Output Z 3 is LOW only if all inputs are HIGH

Multiple-input NOR Gate

Output Z 4 is HIGH only if all inputs are LOW

 An exclusive OR (XOR) gate produces a

 An exclusive NOR (XNOR) gate

2.Prove that OR-AND configuration is equivalent

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