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1.soap 1
1.soap 1
1.soap 1
soaps
Introduction
• Soaps were used more for medicine, however since the 19 th
century , soaps became an essential cleaning or bleaching
products.
• They prevent against the development of microbes and
parasites where one of the cheapest, easiest, and most
important ways to prevent the spread of a virus ( example
coronavirus) is to wash your hands frequently with soap and
water
Outline
I-Preparation of soap
Row material
1-Glycerol
2-Fatty acids
3-Triglycerides
II- Saponification reaction
III-Solubility of soap
IV-Principle of Detergency:
V- Laboratory Preparation of the soap
I- Preparation of soap
hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Sodium
NaOH
KOH
Oil / fat (ester) + strong base (hydroxide ion HO-) soap + glycerol
Oil: triglyceride of plant origin; soya oil, olive oil…
BASE
Fat: triglyceride of animal origin; beefs, sheep, cows….
Hard Soap
Soap
Soft
A- Triglycerides:
They are the major components of fats and oils
Unsaturated
hydrocarbon
chain
They are carboxylic acids (monoacids) that have a linear long carbon
chain with an even number of carbon atoms ( 4 ≤ number of C atoms ≤
22) .
They have general formula:
R - COOH
Oleic acid (18 ; 1) , and the double bond is between C-9 and C-10 :
OH OH OH CH OH
CH2 OH
Primary alcohol
Secondary alcohol
D- Triglycerides:
They are triesters produced by the estrification of fatty acids and glycerol:
RCOO- reacts with water to give HO- ions that make the medium basic (pH of soap solution>7)
Salty water increases the concentration of Na+, so the system is going to decrease
this concentration, by moving in the direction(2) which is the direction of
precipitation of soap.
Rk: This property will be used in the preparation of soap. At the end of the reaction,
some salty water (concentrated solution of sodium chloride) is added to precipitate all
soap formed to separate soap from glycerol. This process is called “ Flocculation”.
4 -In acidic medium:
In acidic medium soap precipitate as a fatty acid according to the following reaction:
Tail Head
When we soak a dirty piece of tissue in water containing soap , or when we wash
our hands with soap and water, large number of RCOO-s surround the oil with the
hydrophobic part which is fat loving(lipophilic), while the hydrophilic end dissolving in
the water.
then the micelles are washed away thus getting red of the dirt and
leave the surface clean.