Earth and Life

Science
ABM 11 Perseverance
 Learning
Competency #17

II. Earth Materials and

Processes
Survey
 Key Terms
Describe the changes in mineral
components and texture of
rocks due to changes in
pressure and temperature
( metamorphism )
 Key Words
Describe the changes in
mineral components and
texture of rocks due to
changes in pressure and
temperature
Key Word

Describe
Key Terms
The changes in mineral
components and texture of
rocks due to changes in
pressure and temperature
 Translation
Ilarawan ang mga pagbabago sa
mga bahagi ng mineral at
tekstura ng mga bato dahil sa
mga pagbabago sa presyon at
temperatura (metamorphism)
Questions
 What are the changes in mineral
Components of rocks?

Mineral Replacement: In this process, one

mineral is replaced by another through chemical
reactions.

Hydration and Dehydration: Some minerals can

absorb or release water molecules under
different environmental conditions.
Oxidation and Reduction: Minerals can undergo
changes in their oxidation states due to the presence
of oxygen and various chemical reactions.

Metamorphism: As mentioned earlier,

metamorphism involves changes in pressure and
temperature. This can lead to recrystallization of
minerals, formation of new minerals, and alignment
of mineral grains.

Solution and Precipitation: Minerals can dissolve in

water and then precipitate out when the conditions
change.
Diagenesis: This refers to the physical and
chemical changes that occur in sedimentary
rocks as they are buried and compacted over
time.

Weathering: Weathering processes, which occur

at or near the Earth's surface, can lead to
changes in mineral components.

Ion Exchange: In some cases, minerals can

undergo ion exchange with surrounding fluids.
What are the changes in mineral texture of
rocks
Recrystallization: Recrystallization is the process by
which existing mineral grains within a rock are replaced
by new mineral grains of the same composition.

Foliation: Foliation is the alignment of mineral grains in

parallel layers or planes within a rock.

Porphyroblastic Texture: In some metamorphic rocks,

particularly those undergoing contact metamorphism,
large, isolated mineral grains known as porphyroblasts
can form within a finer-grained matrix.
Neocrystallization: Neocrystallization involves
the formation of entirely new minerals during
geological processes.

Cataclastic Texture: Cataclastic texture results

from the crushing and grinding of mineral grains
within a rock due to tectonic forces.

Vesicular Texture: Vesicular texture is

characterized by the presence of small to large
cavities or vesicles within a rock.
Clayey or Clay Matrix Texture: In
sedimentary rocks like shale, fine-grained
clay minerals can fill the spaces between
larger mineral grains, creating a mudstone
or claystone texture.

Siltstone and Sandstone Texture: In

sedimentary rocks like siltstone and
sandstone, the size and sorting of mineral
grains determine the texture.
What are the changes in mineral Components
of rocks due to its temperature and pressure?

Recrystallization: Under increased temperature

and pressure, minerals within rocks can undergo
recrystallization. This process involves the
dissolution and reformation of mineral grains at
the atomic level, resulting in the growth of new,
often larger, mineral crystals. As a result, the
mineral composition of the rock may change.
Phase Changes: Changes in pressure and
temperature can cause minerals to undergo
phase changes. Phase changes involve transitions
between different crystal structures or
polymorphs of the same mineral.

Mineral Stability: Certain minerals are more

stable under specific pressure and temperature
conditions. Metamorphism can lead to the
formation of minerals that are stable at higher
temperatures and pressures, and the breakdown
of minerals that are only stable at lower
conditions.
Chemical Reactions: The combination of
elevated temperature and pressure can facilitate
chemical reactions between minerals and fluids
that percolate through the rock. These reactions
can lead to the formation of new minerals and
the alteration of existing ones.

Foliation and Lineation: High-pressure conditions

during metamorphism can cause mineral grains
to align in specific directions. This alignment,
known as foliation and lineation, gives
metamorphic rocks a layered or banded
appearance.
Mineral Growth: In some cases,
metamorphism can stimulate the
growth of new minerals within the
rock. These minerals are often
stable under the higher
temperature and pressure
conditions.
What are the changes in mineral Textures of
rocks due to its temperature and pressure?

Recrystallization: Under increased temperature

and pressure, minerals within rocks can undergo
recrystallization. This process involves the
dissolution and reformation of mineral grains at
the atomic level, resulting in the growth of new,
often larger, mineral crystals.
Foliation: Foliation is the alignment of mineral
grains in parallel layers or planes within a rock. It
is a common texture in many metamorphic rocks
and is a direct result of directed pressure during
metamorphism. The alignment of mineral grains
gives the rock a banded or layered appearance.

Porphyroblastic Texture: In some metamorphic

rocks, particularly those undergoing contact
metamorphism, large, isolated mineral grains
known as porphyroblasts can form within a finer-
grained matrix.
Non-Foliated Texture: Not all metamorphic rocks
exhibit foliation. Some metamorphic rocks have a
non-foliated or granular texture, where mineral
grains are equidimensional and lack alignment.

Lineation: In addition to foliation, some

metamorphic rocks may exhibit a linear
alignment of mineral grains or other features.
This is referred to as lineation and can be
observed in certain metamorphic rocks that have
undergone significant shearing and deformation.
Crystal Growth: High-pressure conditions during
metamorphism can stimulate the growth of new
minerals within the rock. These minerals may
form elongated or fibrous crystals that give the
rock a distinctive texture.

Vein or Segregated Texture: In some cases,

metamorphic rocks may contain mineral veins or
segregations where specific minerals have
precipitated along fractures or as a result of
chemical reactions. These veins can have a
different texture compared to the surrounding
rock.
 Schistosity: Schistosity is a
specific type of foliation
characterized by the alignment
of platy minerals like micas. It
imparts a distinctive sheen or
shine to the rock's surface and is
commonly seen in rocks like
schist.
research, read,
write
 What is metamorphism?
Metamorphism is a geological process that involves
changes in the mineral composition, texture, and
structure of rocks due to alterations in temperature,
pressure, and chemically active fluids. This process
occurs deep within the Earth's crust and typically
involves the transformation of pre-existing rocks,
known as protoliths, into new types of rocks called
metamorphic rocks. Metamorphism is a fundamental
aspect of the rock cycle and plays a crucial role in
shaping the Earth's crust.
Interpret
REcite and
review
 What term describes the process by which
existing minerals in a rock undergo changes in
response to increased temperature and
pressure deep within the Earth's crust?

A) Lithification C)Metamorphism

B) Erosion D) Weathering
 Which of the following is NOT a common result of
metamorphism in rocks under increased pressure and
temperature?

A) Recrystallization of minerals
B) Formation of foliation
C) Expansion of pore spaces
D) Development of new minerals
 What type of rock is typically
formed when limestone undergoes
metamorphism at high
temperatures and pressures?

A) Sandstone
B) Schist
C) Marble
D) Granite
During metamorphism, what term
describes the alignment of mineral
grains in a rock, resulting in a
banded or layered texture?
A) Porosity
B) Stratification
C) Foliation
D) Vesicularity
Which of the following metamorphic
rocks is associated with high-grade
metamorphism and typically
exhibits a non-foliated texture?

A) Slate
B) Gneiss
C) Quartzite
D) Schist
 Answer

1. C) Metamorphism
2. C) Expansion of pore spaces
3. C) Marble
4. C) Foliation
5. C) Quartzite
application
 Applying my learnings about metamorphism as a
student can be valuable in various ways, both
academically and in real-life scenarios. Actively
participate in class discussions, ask questions, and
engage with my teachers and peers. Sharing my
insights and knowledge about metamorphism can
contribute to a richer learning environment. And
understand how geological processes, including
metamorphism, can influence the environment.
Awareness of geological factors can contribute to
informed decisions about land use and
conservation.
correlation
 I will apply my learnings about
metamorphism by actively connecting my
current learning about metamorphism to
my past experiences and knowledge, I can
create a more comprehensive and
meaningful understanding of the subject.
This approach not only enhances my
learning but also demonstrates the
interconnectedness of geological concepts
and the relevance of my previous studies.
summary
Changes in mineral components and texture of rocks due to changes
in pressure and temperature, known as metamorphism, are
essential geological processes. During metamorphism, rocks undergo
significant transformations:

Mineral Components: Metamorphism often involves the

substitution, growth, or dissolution of minerals within rocks. High
pressure and temperature conditions can lead to the formation of
new minerals and the alteration of existing ones. This results in a
change in the chemical composition of the rock.

Texture Changes: Metamorphism can alter the texture of rocks,

leading to the development of distinct features such as foliation,
lineation, or porphyroblastic texture. Foliation involves the
alignment of mineral grains in parallel layers, giving the rock a
banded appearance. Non-foliated textures can also occur, depending
on the specific conditions.
Recrystallization: Under increased pressure and
temperature, minerals within rocks may
recrystallize, resulting in the growth of larger, more
well-formed crystals. This process contributes to
changes in both mineral composition and texture.

Chemical Reactions: Metamorphism often involves

chemical reactions between minerals and fluids that
permeate the rock. These reactions can lead to the
formation of new minerals and the alteration of
existing ones. The mineralogical changes are a
reflection of the altered geological conditions.
Mineral Stability: Certain minerals become stable at
specific temperature and pressure ranges, leading
to the transformation of unstable minerals into
more stable ones. This affects both the mineral
composition and texture of the rock.

In summary, metamorphism is a geological process

that causes rocks to undergo changes in their
mineral components and textures due to variations
in pressure and temperature. These changes are
fundamental in understanding Earth's geological
history and provide valuable insights into the
processes that shape the planet's crust over
geological time scales.
Thank you for
listening! :)