Social

Inequalities

By Shann Adrian C. Tordil

Rain Alexa Noblejas
Social Inequality
• uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social positions or statuses within
a group or society. This occurs when resources in a given society are distributed
unevenly, generally through norms of allocation, that bring about specific
patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons.
Different types of social Inequalities:

• Economic inequality
• Gender inequality
• Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Gender inequality
• sex and gender based prejudice and discrimination or sexual division of labor.
The emphasis on gender inequality is born out of the deepening division in the
roles assigned to men and women, particularly in the economic, political and
educational spheres.
Gender inequality
• sex and gender based prejudice and discrimination or sexual division of labor.
The emphasis on gender inequality is born out of the deepening division in the
roles assigned to men and women, particularly in the economic, political and
educational spheres.
Racial and Ethnic Inequality
• is the consequence of hierarchical social distinctions between racial and ethnic
categories within a society and are often recognized based on characteristics
such as skin color and other physical characteristics or an individual’s place of
origin or culture.
Racial and Ethnic Inequality
• is the consequence of hierarchical social distinctions between racial and ethnic
categories within a society and are often recognized based on characteristics
such as skin color and other physical characteristics or an individual’s place of
origin or culture.
Effects of Social Inequality to the
Philippine Society:
• Prejudice - is the negative attitude towards the members of a
particular group.
Effects of Social Inequality to the
Philippine Society:
• Stereotyping - refers to our propensity to picture all members
of a particular category as having the same qualities.
Effects of Social Inequality to the
Philippine Society:
• Ethnocentrism - is the belief that our own race or group is the
best.
Effects of Social Inequality to the
Philippine Society:
• Scapegoating - is a situation when people encounter problems
that they do not know how to solve.
Effects of Social Inequality to the
Philippine Society:
• Racism - is the thinking that one’s own race is superior and has
the right to control or direct others.
Effects of Social Inequality to the
Philippine Society:
• Ethnic minorities - are people dwell in a society that does not
share their cultural heritage. And they are also the people whose
cultural background differs from that of the dominant members
of a society.
Effects of Social Inequality to the
Philippine Society:
• Discrimination - is an act of depriving minorities of equal
treatment and are kept in a lower status by the dominant
members of the society and the resistance of equality.
Effects of Social Inequality to the
Philippine Society:
• Racism - is the thinking that one’s own race is superior and has the
right to control or direct others.
• Ethnic minorities - are people dwell in a society that does not share
their cultural heritage. And they are also the people whose cultural
background differs from that of the dominant members of a society.
• Discrimination - is an act of depriving minorities of equal treatment
and are kept in a lower status by the dominant members of the
society and the resistance of equality.
Government Programs and Initiatives in Addressing Social
Inequalities:

• Local Proclamations
• National Proclamations
• Ways to Reduce Global Inequalities
Local Proclamations

• Republic Acts
1. Anti- Bullying Act - Republic Act Number 10627 dated 05, June 2013. Bullying
shall refer to any severe or repeated use by one or more students of a written, verbal or
electronic expression, or a physical act or gesture, or any combination thereof, directed
at another student that has the effect of actually causing or replacing the later in
reasonable fear of physical or emotional harm or damage to his property ; creating a
hostile environment at school for the other student ; infringing on the rights of other
student at school; or materially and substantially disrupting the education process or
the orderly operation of a school.
Local Proclamations

• Republic Acts
2. Equal Opportunity Employment - Republic Act No. 10524 dated 23, July
1012. At least one per cent (1%) of all positions in all government agencies, offices or
corporations shall be reserved for persons with disability: provided that, private
corporations with more than One Hundred (100) employees are encouraged to reserve
at least one percent (1%) of all positions for persons with disability.
Local Proclamations

• Republic Acts
3. Accessible Polling Places exclusively for persons with disabilities and Senior
Citizens - Republic Act No. 10336. Dated 23 July 2012. The state shall ensure that
persons with disabilities and senior citizens are able to exercise their right political
participation without discrimination or restrictions. Towards this end, the state shall
design systems and procedures that will enable persons with disabilities and senior
citizens to register and vote by them.
COMELEC Resolution Number 9763 dated 30, August 2013. This contains the
implementing rules and regulations around RA 10336.
Local Proclamations

• Republic Acts
4. Implementations of Programs and Services for Persons with Disabilities in
Every Province, City and Municipality - Republic Act Number 10070, dated 27 July
2009. PDAO shall be created in every province, city and municipality. The local chief
executive shall appoint a PWD affairs officer who shall manage and oversee the
operations of the office, pursuant to its mandate under this act.
• Department of the Interior and Local Government memorandum Circular
Number. 2010-103, dated 23 September 2010. This contains the implementing rules
and regulations around RA 10070.
Local Proclamations

• Republic Acts
Magna Carta for Persons with Disabilities
Republic Act Number 7277, dated 24 March 1992. This law provides for the rehabilitation,
self-development and self-reliance of disabled persons and their integration into the mainstream
of society and for other purposes. *Department of Tourism Memorandum Circular No. 2011-
04, dated 11 February 2011. This clarifies condition around twenty percent (20%) discounts
entitlements to persons with disabilities.
Department of Interior and Local Government Memorandum circular No. 2009-29, dated 09
September 2009. This clarifies the procedure on the issuance of IDs and booklets for PWDs.
* Joint Department of Trade and Industry and Department of Agriculture Administrative Order
02, dated 27 July 2009. This clarifies rules and regulations on the grant of special discounts to
persons with disability on the purchase of basic necessities and prime commodities
Government Programs and Initiatives in Addressing Social
Inequalities:

• Local Proclamations
• National Proclamations
National Proclamations
• Ways to Reduce Global Inequalities
National Proclamations
National Proclamations

• National Autism Consciousness Week

Presidential proclamation No. 711, dated January 1996. The proclamation ordered the
assignment of the third week of January as National Autism Consciousness Week, enjoining
the Department of Health, Department of Education Culture and Sports, the Department of
social Welfare and Development, and the Department of Interior and Local Government to
serve as the national focal point for the commemoration of this event.
• National commission on Disability Affairs
Presidential Decree No.1509, dated 11June 1978. The national government recognizes
responsibility to provide the handicapped with the fullest measure of protection and
assistance to help develop their abilities in all fields of endeavour and to promote their
integration into the mainstream of society, as well as its primary duty for the prevention of
physical and mental disabilities.
National Proclamations

• Administrative and Executive Orders

Community based Rehabilitation for persons with disabilities. Executive Order No.
437, dated 21 June 2005. The proclamation enjoins local government units to adopt the
Community-Based Rehabilitation Program in delivering services to their constituents
with disabilities and to allocate funds to support the program.
• Department of Interior and Local Government 2009-27, dated 20 March 2009.
• Economic Independence for Persons with Disabilities
Executive Order No. 417, dated 27 March 2005. The General Appropriation Act
explicitly provides funding mechanisms for programs and projects of PWD and their
organizations from at least one percent (1%) of the total yearly budget of all National
Government Agencies and instrumentalities including Government Financial Institutions
and government owned and controlled corporations.
National Proclamations

• Poverty and Inequality Reducing Programs

1. 4Ps Conditional Cash Transfer to reduce inequalities in opportunities in
education and reduce intergenerational poverty
2. Community Based Monitoring System (CBMS) as a to reduce poverty and
inequality at the local level The Philippines’ Conditional Cash Transfer Program:
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
National Proclamations

• Other Policies
DepEd Child Protection Policy dated 14 May 2012. The document outlines the
Philippine Department of Education’s Policies and Guidelines on protecting children
in school from violence , exploitation, discrimination, bullying, neglect, abuse cruelty
and other conditions prejudicial to their development.
Government Programs and Initiatives in Addressing Social
Inequalities:

• Local Proclamations
• National Proclamations
• Ways to Reduce Global Inequalities
Ways to Reduce Global Inequalities

Below we offer eight ways to move the world forward in reducing global
inequality:
1. Stop Illicit Outflows
In developing countries, inadequate resourcing for health, education, sanitation,
and investment in the poorest citizens drives extreme inequality. One reason is tax
avoidance and other illicit outflows of cash. According to Global Financial Integrity,
developing countries lost $6.6 trillion in illicit financial flows from 2003 through
2012, with illicit outflows increasing at an average rate of 9.4 percent per year. That’s
$6.6 trillion that could reduce poverty and inequality through investments in human
capital, infrastructure, and economic growth.
Ways to Reduce Global Inequalities

2. Progressive Income Tax

After falling for much of the 20th century, inequality is worsening in rich
countries today. The top one percent is not only capturing larger shares of national
income, but tax rates on the highest incomes have also dropped. How much should the
highest income earners be taxed? This is obviously a question to be decided
domestically by citizens, and opinions differ. For instance, economist Tony Addison
suggests a top rate of 65 percent rate on the top 1 percent of incomes.
3. A Global Wealth Tax
In Capital in the Twenty-first Century , Thomas Piketty recommends an
international agreement establishing a wealth tax. Under his plan, countries would
agree to tax personal assets of all kinds at graduated rates. The sceptics do have a point
about whether this particular plan is practical, but we shouldn’t give up on the idea.
Because wealth tends to accumulate over generations, fair and well-designed wealth
taxes would go a long way towards combating extreme inequality.
Ways to Reduce Global Inequalities

4. Enforce a Living Wage

Governments should establish and enforce a national living wage, and
corporations should also prioritize a living wage for their workers and with the
suppliers, buyers, and others with whom they do business. Low and unliveable wages
are a result of worker disempowerment and concentration of wealth at the
top4hallmarks of unequal societies. As human beings with basic needs, all workers
should earn enough to support themselves and their families. Governments and
corporations should be responsible for protecting the right to a living wage,
corporations should commit to responsible behaviour that respects the dignity of all
workers.
Ways to Reduce Global Inequalities

5. Workers’ Right to Organize

The right of workers to organize has always been a cornerstone of more equal
societies, and should be prioritized and protected wherever this basic right is violated.
Extreme inequality requires the disempowerment of workers. Therefore, the right of
workers to organize and bargain collectively for better pay and conditions is a global
human rights priority. Despite Article 23 of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights4 which declares the right to organize as a fundamental human right4workers
worldwide, including in the United States, still face intimidation, fear, and retribution
for attempting to organize collectively. Where unions are strong, wages are higher and
inequality is lower.
Ways to Reduce Global Inequalities

6. Stop Other Labor Abuses

Companies worldwide are also replacing what was once permanent and stable
employment with temporary and contingent labor. Often called “contingent” or
“precarious” workers, these workers fill a labor need that is
permanent while being denied the status of employment. In the United States, this
trend is called “misclassification,” in which employers misclassify workers as
“independent contractors” when they are actually employees. Contingent labor also
occurs through outsourcing, subcontracting, and use of employment agencies.
Ways to Reduce Global Inequalities

7. Open and Democratic Trade Policy

Negotiating international trade agreements behind closed doors with only
bureaucrats and corporate lobbyists present has to end. These old-style trade
agreements are fundamentally undemocratic and put corporate profits above workers,
the environment, health, and the public interest. We need a new, transparent trade
policy that is open, transparent, and accountable to the people.
Ways to Reduce Global Inequalities

8. A New Economics
Economists are often imagined as stuffy academics who value arcane economic
theory above humanitarian values. The field’s clinging to parsimonious theories gave
us such winners as the Washington Consensus and a global financial system that
imploded in 2008. Thankfully, there’s a movement among economics grad students
and scholars to reimagine the discipline. As they acknowledge, we clearly need a new
economics that works to improve the lives of everyone, not just those already well off.
For instance, what could be more radical than a Buddhist economics? This is the path
promoted by economist and Rhodes Scholar E .F. Schumacher, who says humanity
needs an economics that creates wealth for all people, just not money for privileged
people and corporations. Economics should take into account ethics and the
environment, and treat its claims less like invariable truths
References
• www.teacherph.com
• www.who.int
• https://social.desa.un.org/
• https://www.phcc.gov.ph/
• www.ncda.gov.ph
• https://www.davaocity.gov.ph/
• https://lawphill.net