VIETNAM GENERAL CONFEDERATION OF LABOUR

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FALCULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

AUTOMATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER 4
AC – AMMETER AND VOLTMETER

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 OBJECTIVES

 Know how to use measuring instruments to

measure the electrical quantities in practice and
in industry.
 Understand the structure of the measuring
equipment and calculate the components of
circuits in measuring instruments.
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 LEARNING OUTCOME(S)

 Define qualities of measurement.

 Describe the structure of indicator devices and summarize the
advantages and disadvantages of indicator devices.
 Apply appropriate devices to perform measurements of
electrical quantities.
 Apply the principles of the electrical circuit to solve the
problems of measuring electrical quantities and determine the
errors caused by these devices.
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 CONTENTS

 AC AMMETER
 EXTENDING OF AC AMMETER RANGES
 AC VOLTMETER
 EXTENDING OF AC VOLTMETER RANGES

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 INTRODUCTION

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 AMMETER

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 4.1. AC AMMETER
 The Electro Dynamo Meter (EDM) and
the Moving Iron Types can be used to
measure AC value directly.
 To measure the AC value with The
Permanent Magnetic Moving Coil
(PMMC) Movement a rectifier must be
used.

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 4.1. AC AMMETER
 Rectifier: converts AC to DC

Half-wave rectifier
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 4.1. AC AMMETER
 Rectifier: converts AC to DC

Full-wave rectifier
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 4.1. AC AMMETER

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 4.1. AC AMMETER
 A rectifier ac ammeter with shunt
resistor.

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 4.1. AC AMMETER
 Rsh can be determined:

I fsd _ RMS Rm
Rsh 
I range _ RMS  I fsd _ RMS

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 4.1. AC AMMETER
 A rectifier ac ammeter with shunt
resistor.

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 4.1. AC AMMETER
 Rsh can be determined:
I fsd _ RMS Rm  VD
Rsh 
I range _ RMS  I fsd _ RMS
 where:
VD : voltage drop across diode.
 With an ideal diode:
I fsd _ RMS Rm
Rsh 
I range _ RMS  I fsd _ RMS
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 4.2. EXTENDING OF
AC AMMETER RANGES

One shunt resistor for each range

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 4.2. EXTENDING OF
AC AMMETER RANGES

Shunt Ayrton

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 4.2. EXTENDING OF
AC AMMETER RANGES
 Using current transformer:

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 4.2. EXTENDING OF
AC AMMETER RANGES
 Using current transformer:
n1I1 = n2I2

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 4.3. AC VOLTMETER

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 4.3. AC VOLTMETER
 The Electro Dynamo Meter (EDM) and
the Moving Iron Types can be used to
measure AC value directly.
 To measure the AC value with The
Permanent Magnetic Moving Coil
(PMMC) Movement a rectifier must be
used.

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 4.3. AC VOLTMETER
 Half-wave rectifier ac voltmeter:

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 4.3. AC VOLTMETER
 General rectifier type ac voltmeter:

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 4.3. AC VOLTMETER
 Half-wave rectifier ac voltmeter:

Vrange _ RMS  VD
RS   Rm
I fsd _ RMS

 Where:
VD : voltage drop across diode D1.

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 4.3. AC VOLTMETER
 Full-wave rectifier ac voltmeter:

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 4.3. AC VOLTMETER
 Full-wave rectifier ac voltmeter:

Vrange _ RMS  2VD

RS   Rm
I fsd _ RMS

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 4.3. AC VOLTMETER
 The DC sensitivity of the ac voltmeter
1
s AC 
I fsd _ RMS
 The internal resistance of the ac
voltmeter:
RV  S AC  Vrange _ RMS

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 4.3. AC VOLTMETER
 Example 4.15 – 4.18

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 4.4. EXTENDING OF
AC VOLTMETER RANGES
 Multi-range ac voltmeter:

One series resistor for each range

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 4.4. EXTENDING OF
AC VOLTMETER RANGES
 The series resistors can be determined:
Vi _ RMS  VD
Ri   Rm
I fsd _ RMS

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 4.4. EXTENDING OF
AC VOLTMETER RANGES
 Multi-range ac voltmeter:

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 4.4. EXTENDING OF
AC VOLTMETER RANGES
 The series resistors can be determined:
Vi _ RMS  Vi 1_ RMS
Ri  (i  1...n  1)
I fsd _ RMS

V4 _ RMS  VD
R4   Rm
I fsd _ RMS

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 TRUE RMS METER
 A true-rms meter can accurately
measures both sinusoidal waves and
non-sinusoidal waves.
 A non-true rms meter can only give
accurate value of sinusoidal waves.

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 TRUE RMS
 Form factor:
RMS
Kf = ---------------------
Rectified Value

 Crest factor:
Peak
KP = -------
RMS

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 TRUE RMS
 The RMS value of a non-sinusoidal
wave can be determined:

MEASURED_RMS
TRUE_RMS = --------------------------- Kf measured wave
Kf sine wave

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 SUMMARY
 Using half-wave and full-wave rectifier
in ac ammeter and voltmeter.
 Normal (non-true rms) multi-meters
can only display the rms value of the
sinusoidal wave.

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 REQUIREMENTS
 Read the slide chapter 5 of this subject
 Read the contents of the next lesson in
the text book [1] : 110-120 in advance
 Read the contents of the next lesson in
the reference book [2] : 82-124 in
advance
 These material can be found on our
library’s website
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 HOMEWORKS

 Examples: all examples related to ac

ammeter and voltmeter.

 Practice problems: chapter 4 (6 – 7)

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