BUILDING SCIENCE II

YEAR: III PART: II

1. ARCHITECTURAL
LIGHTING
 BUILDING SCIENCE II
YEAR: III PART: II
COURSE DETAIL
TOPIC TIME ALLOCATION
A. ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
1. Introduction of Architectural lighting 2 Hrs
1.1 History of architectural lighting
1.2 Sources of lighting – Natural & Artificial

2. Day lighting 4 Hrs

2.1 Properties of Daylight
2.2 Photometric quantities
2.3 Day light Factor
2.4 Design Sky concept
2.5 Light & glare

3. Day light Design 6 Hrs

3.1 Building shape & layouts
3.2 Location, shape & size of openings
3.3 Orientation of building & openings
3.4 Design Sky
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF ARCHITECTURAL
LIGHTING 1.1.1 History of Lighting
• Lighting – Day & artificial lighting
important aspect of design

• For 8000 years of building history

• 1000 of years, a burning stick or fire
( tuki) used
• As artificial lighting in interior
• But was problem for buildings for long
time
• burned down due to inflammable building
materials
• Like wood, straw, bamboo etc.

• Day lighting – lattice window, small open

openings without glass
• Create low level of Day lighting in interior (
< 100 Lux)
1.1 INTRODUCTION - History of Arch. Lighting
• After invention of glass, solved
difficulty in daylight in buildings
• First glass used window in 55 jhyale
durbar, Bhaktapur
• Daylight used through glass solved
problem of lighting in interior

• In 1879 A.D., Thomas Edison

developed incandescent lamps,
• an important aspect of lighting design
in interior
• reduced the prominence of day
lighting
• & in 1930, French scientist developed
fluorescent (Tube) lamp
1.1 INTRODUCTION - History of Arch. Lighting
• In early age, Architects designed
with total dependency on artificial
light & increase quantity of light
• more light > better light
• In 1973 energy crisis for lighting,
heating & cooling,
• then again realized, Importance of day
lighting as free source of lighting

• Nowadays max used of glassed

areas to provide optimal day lighting
• but causes overheating in summer &
cold interior in winter
• So optimum design is needed in lighting
design
• i.e. Amount of light VS Quality of
light.
 1.1.2 SORCES OF LIGHTING
Day lighting (Natural) Artificial lighting
• Light as a building material • Used for functional purpose
• Deals with Natural light • & decoration purpose in
• & design of building with Interior
reference to site selection, • Interior design with artificial lamps
building shape, layout, openings for decoration
etc. • Create mood with colour lamps
• Architecture Lighting • direct & indirect lighting design
philosophy - light, colour, • Residence, restaurant, hotels,
mood, quality of space, aesthetic
• Discotheque, theatre etc.
value in lighting design
 SOURCES OF LIGHTING

NATURAL ARTIFICIAL
(Candle light, Kerosene & Tuki lamp)
Sun Light (Moon also) Electric Light
(Day lighting) (Source-hydro power, atomic power station,
windmill, generator, PV (Photovoltaic) cells etc.)
- Direct Sunlight - Different types of lamps
- Diffused Light (Cloud) - CFL, Incandescent, LED, etc.
- Sky light - Sodium & Mercury lamp
- North light - Florescent lamp, special lamp
 Sources of Natural Light
Sunlight
• Ultimate source of day or Natural
light
• direct light - straight path from sun

• But light from sun - partly diffused

by atmospheric condition (cloud,
pollution)
• diffused light
• sky light (North light)
• also source of daylight

• Another type - externally or

internally reflected light
• by the ground or buildings
• or from walls, ceiling or other
internal surfaces
 Sources of Artificial Light

Electrical light
• from hydro power, atomic power
station or windmills, PV cell,
generators etc.

• architect & lighting Engineer in a

project concerned to provide
enough light in each space

• architect aim to arrange light in

each space such a way that proper
advantage taken by people
• With sufficient lighting with function,
mood & pleasing colour
 1. ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
How to use light in architectural
purposes?
• i.e. Daylight & artificial lights
• Functional & Psychological aspects,
ie
• Quality – (Function or utility- Lux,
DF)
• Mood – Psychological
• Colour – Psychological

Lighting & Acoustics -

• very important in theatre,
auditorium, Conference hall, cinema
hall, museum, sports hall, and
stadium,
• buildings where people gather to see
any show
1.2 DAY LIGHTING
1.2.1 Properties of Daylight
• DAY LIGHT – electro magnetic
radiation
• With wavelength 380 nm- 780 nm
• (1nm= 10-9 i.e 1/1000,000,000)
• Causes sensation in human eyes
• Or radiant energy sensed by our optical
nerves

• Sun – largest product of this energy

• Day light travels @ 300,000 km/sec
• Transparent in gas & opaque in solid
• Travels in straight line
• Refracted between 2 medium
(air/gas/water)
1. 2. DAY LIGHTING
1.2.1 Properties of Daylight
• DAY LIGHT– see as white color
• But mixture of 7 spectrum colors
• VIGBOUR
• i.e. Rainbow in sky
• COLOR - Quality of different
wave length
• Red – 780 nm, blue – 380 nm
• Surface appears green if green
reflected

Sensation of eye:
• Human eye – like camera
• Lens focuses images to retina
• Optic nerves carries images to
brain
• & brain translate it
1.2. DAY LIGHTING
1.2.2 Photometric quantities (Language of Lighting
technology)

• Special technical
terms & Unit:

1. Luminous Intensity (I)

2. Luminous Flux(F)
3. Illuminance (E)
4. Luminance (L)
1.2. DAY LIGHTING
1.2.2 Photometric quantities

1. Luminous Intensity (I):

• Power of source or illuminated
surface
• Unit – Candelas (Cd)

2. Luminous Flux(F):
• Rate of source or received by
surface
• Unit –Lumens (Lm)
• 100 W Bulb = 1380 Lm
• 40 W Tube lamp = 2400 Lm
• Listed by manufacture company
1.2. DAY LIGHTING
1.2.2 Photometric quantities

3. Illuminance (E):
• Concentration of light
• Flux of light on surface
• Unit – Lux
• 1 Lux = Lumen/sq metre (Lm/
sq m)

4. Luminance (L):
• Brightness of surface
• Perceived by eye
• Important indicator of lighting
quality
• Unit –Candelas/sq metre (Cd/
sq m)
 1.2.2 Photometric Quantities
( Language of Lighting technology)

S. No. Photometric Quantity Symbol Unit Remarks

1 Luminous Intensity (I) I Candela Power of
(Cd) source
2 Luminous Flux(F) F Lumens Rate of
(Lm) flow
3 Illuminance (E) E Lux Rate per
unit area
4 Luminance (L) L Cd/sq.m. Brightness
 1.2.3 DAY LIGHT FACTOR (DF)
• An indication of amount of
Daylight at a point within a room
• is ratio of Daylight illuminance at
point to illuminance outside
building from sky (excluding
direct sunlight)
• In another word, Daylight factor
is percentage of light from
outdoors at a point indoors.
• This ratio known as Daylight
factor (DF), usually quoted as a
percentage

• DAY LIGHT FACTOR (DF) = Ei /

E o x 100 (%)
Where,
• Ei = Horizontal illuminance at a point
in an interior (indoor)
• E o = Horizontal illuminance outdoor
from an unobstructed sky
 COMPONENT OF DAY LIGHT FACTOR
(DF)

• Daylight reaches at a point in

interior divided in to 3
components :

1. SKY COMPONENT (SC)

2. EXTERNALLY REFLECTED
COMPONENT (ERC)
3. INTERNALLY REFLECTED
COMPONENT (IRC)

Hence:
• DF=SC+ERC+IRC
 COMPONENT OF DAY LIGHT FACTOR
(DF)
• Hence: DF=SC+ERC+IRC
• Where,
• SC = The area of sky visible from
the point “P”
•
• ERC = The area of external
surface visible from point “P” &
• The reflectance of these
surfaces (white/bright &
black/dark)
•
• IRC = The reflectance of indoor
surfaces (white/bright &
black/dark)
MIN RECOMMENDED DAYLIGHT FACTOR (DF)
(Appendix 9.3 Manual of Tropical Housing-Koenisberger)
• SPACE DF %
• CORRIDORS 0.5%
• HALL, STAIRS 1%
• OFFICE, BANK 2%
• CLASSROOM 3%
• LAB, PHARMACY 3%
• STUDIO 4%
• RESIDENCE:
• LIVING 1% (in
centre >8 sq metre)
• BED 0.5%
• KITCHEN 2%
THANK YOU