Chapter 2 Continue

Prepared by: Amr Elfayoumy

Submitted to: Prof. Dr. Nahid Abdelsalam

 Contents
 Strength Failure theories of
angular lamina

 Hygrothermal stresses &

strains in a lamina
1

Failure
Theories

um Strength Failure Maximum

Tsai-Hill Tsai-Wu
s Ratio Envelopes strain
Maximum stress Failure theory
For Monolithic Materials
(Isotropic materials) For unidirectional lamina, we have two axes transverse and
longitudinal. it has four strengths tensile strength in the
longitudinal and transverse directions. and compressive strength
in the longitudinal and transverse too. beside the shear strength.
If the maximum stress is
greater than the ultimate,
then failure Occurs

The lamina is orthotropic its

properties are different in
different directions unlike the Five failure theories of angled
isotropic material. lamina
Maximum stress Failure theory Ex: 2.14

Getting the stresses (shear and normal) on the lamina in

the two local axis, comparing them to the ultimate
strengths of the unidirectional lamina if above then the
lamina will fail if below then the lamina is safe.

Transformation from
unidirectional lamina to
angled lamina
Strength Ratio Ex: 2.15
Maximum Strain Failure Theory Ex: 2.17

Just like the Maximum

strength Failure Theory

But it is concerned only by the

strains on the lamina not the
stress

If the strain on the local axes

exceeded the ultimate strain
of the material then failure
occurs, if not then the lamina
is safe
Tsai – Hill F.T. Total strain energy = Dilation Energy + Distortional Energy

Based on distortion energy Distortional Energy > Failure Distortional Energy

failure theory of Von Mises (Failure Occurs)
(For isotropic materials)

Hill stated that we can use the

von mises distortional energy
theory for anisotropic
materials G are dependent on failure strengths

Tsai stated that we can use

the von mises distortional
energy theory for Uni
directional lamina
Tsai – Hill F.T.
The Tsai – Hill Failure theory
neglects the compressive
stresses in the provided
Formula
Then a Modified formula is
generated that puts the
compressive strengths of the
materials in consideration
Conditions
In the transverse direction, the tensile
strength is much smaller than the
compressive strength, hence neglecting
the compressive strength is so dangerous
Tsai – Wu F.T. Solving some equations together to
get the failure components

H1, H2, H6, H11, H22, H66, H12

(Getting the failure Components)
Tsai – Wu F.T.
Hygrothermal stresses and strains
High Processing temperatures
The difference in the
coefficients of thermal
between the fibers and the
matrix
When it is cooled down
residual stresses are induced
inside the lamina
MMCs processing is at
temperatures near 1000
degC
Moisture Absorb / de-absorption
Specially with
the PMCs
Causes the formation of swelling
stresses and strains
Thermal, moisture expansion
coefficient & Elastic constants
differs according to the different
directions leading to residual
stresses and strains at the
different laminas
 Induced strains as a result of
Hygrothermal stresses and strains Temperature variation & Moisture
absorption or de- absorption

Compliance
Matrix

Where α1 and α2 Longitudinal Where β1 and β2 Longitudinal and

and transverse thermal expansion transverse Moisture coefficients while
constants, Delta T is the delta C is the change of weight of the
temperature Change lamina per the original lamina weight
 Induced strains as a result of
Hygrothermal stresses and strains Temperature variation & Moisture
absorption or de- absorption

Stiffness
Matrix
Hygrothermal stresses and strains
 Induced strains as a result of
Hygrothermal stresses and strains Temperature variation & Moisture
absorption or de- absorption

• Where αx, αy and αxy are thermal expansion coefficients for angled lamina
• Where βx, βy and βxy are moisture coefficients for angled lamina
 Induced strains as a result of
Hygrothermal stresses and strains Temperature variation & Moisture
absorption or de- absorption

Conversion from unidirectional lamina thermal

expansion coefficient and Moisture content to angled
lamina

• Where αx, αy and αxy are thermal expansion coefficients for angled lamina
• Where βx, βy and βxy are moisture coefficients for angled lamina
 Induced strains as a result of
Hygrothermal stresses and strains Temperature variation & Moisture
absorption or de- absorption

Appendix
Any Questions?