METHODOLOGY

ACCRESM AY 2022-2023
BLOCK 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1. Identify the methodologies for the research proposal;

1.1 research design
1.2 data gathering technique
1.3 participants of the study
1.4 sampling technique
1.5 statistical treatment
RESEARCH DESIGN

• Pertains to the overall strategy and framework utilized to undertake research that defines
a brief and logical plan to tackle established research questions through collection,
discussion, analysis, and interpretation of data.
• Defines the type of study which may be categorized into two major types:
• Quantitative research – a descriptive research which pertains to events that are recorded,
described, interpreted, analyzed, and compared.
Types of quantitative research

1. Exploratory research – is the process of investigating problem that has not been studies
or thoroughly investigated in the past.
• It is usually conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but it usually
does not lead to a conclusive result.
• Used when trying to gain familiarity with a existing phenomenon and acquiring new insight
into it to form a more precise problem.
• It begins based on a general idea and the outcomes of the research are used to find out related
issues with the topic of the research.
Types of quantitative research

2. Explanatory-Causal Research – can be conducted in order to assess impacts of specific

changes on existing norms and various processes among others.
• Focuses on analysis of a situation or a specific problem to explain the patterns of
relationships between variables.
3. Experimental Research – uses a scientific approach toward manipulating one or more
control variables of the research subject and measuring the effect of this manipulation
on the subject. Also called, clinical research.
4. Correlational Research – measures two variables and understands and assesses the
Types of quantitative research

statistical relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable.
• This aims to establish an outcome of certain patterns, relationships occur through a
positive or negative correlation coefficient.
• An example could be determining the correlation between sales and marketing expenses
to establish the effectiveness of marketing efforts.
5. Comparative research – aims to confirm if two or more variables reveal similar or
different patterns or characteristics when compared using a set of variables.
Types of quantitative research

6. Evaluative research – aims to assess performance, outcome, or impact of a set of variables

using a set of criteria.
• Entails carrying out of a structured assessment of the value of resources committed to a project or
specific goal.
• It often adopts social research methods to gather and analyze useful information about organizational
processes and products
• Typically associated with real-life scenarios within organizational contexts.
• Example is the assessment of the implications of the New Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for
Enterprises (CREATE) LAW.
Types of Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research – relies on data obtained by the research proponent from his/her vicarious or
firsthand observations, interviews, surveys, focus group discussions, recordings, documentary
analyses, and artifacts.
• It adopts data triangulation – a strategy that reinforces or validates the findings of a diverse set of
techniques utilized in the research.
• Types :
• Case study – exemplifies the researcher’s preference for depth, detail, context, as well as macro or micro
view of the topic or issue at hand.
• An in-depth study of a particular situation rather than a sweeping statistical survey.
Types of quantitative research

• Ethnographic study – study of social interactions, behaviors and perceptions that occur within groups,
teams, organizations and communities.
• Documents observations and interviews, analyzes their rationale and implications, and links them to a theory
or model with the central aim of providing rich, holistic insights into people’s views and actions, as well as
the nature of their environment.
• Documentary research – serves as both a complement to and extension of biographical inquiry, takes
on different meaning in the field of education. Also called archival research.
• Grounded Theory Study – an inductive research design based on a very keen look at the empirical
observations of a particular study yields.
• It is a research method concerned with the generation of theory to uncover such things as social relationships
and behaviors of groups, known as social processes.
Types of quantitative research

• Interpretative or phenomenological study –philosophical study of the structure of an

individual’s consciousness and general subjective experience.
• Deals with phenomena that are difficult or impossible to quantify mathematically such as
beliefs, meanings, attributes, and symbols, which may involve content analysis.