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1-Chemical Bonding (Part 2) - 1
1-Chemical Bonding (Part 2) - 1
1-Chemical Bonding (Part 2) - 1
1
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Valence shell electron pair repulsion
(VSEPR) model:
Predict the geometry of the molecule from the electrostatic
repulsions between the electron (bonding and nonbonding) pairs.
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
B B
2
0 lone pairs on central
atom
Cl Be Cl
3
2 atoms bonded to central atom
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
4
5
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
6
7
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
8
9
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
10
11
12
lone-pair vs. lone lone-pair vs. bonding-pair vs.
pair
> bonding
> bonding
repulsion pair repulsion pair repulsion
13
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB3 3 0
planar planar
trigonal
AB2E 2 1 bent
planar
14
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
15
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
16
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
trigonal distorted
AB4E 4 1
bipyramidal tetrahedron
17
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
trigonal distorted
AB4E 4 1
bipyramidal tetrahedron
trigonal
AB3E2 3 2 T-shaped
bipyramidal
18
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
19
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
octahedral square
AB5E 5 1
pyramidal
20
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
octahedral square
AB5E 5 1
pyramidal
octahedral square
AB4E2 4 2
planar
21
22
23
Predicting Molecular Geometry
1. Draw Lewis structure for molecule.
2. Count number of lone pairs on the central atom and
number of atoms bonded to the central atom.
3. Use VSEPR to predict the geometry of the molecule.
O S O F
AB4E
AB2E F S F
distorted
bent tetrahedron
F
24
GeF2
BrF3
CO2
BCL3
PCL5
25
Dipole Moments and Polar Molecules
electron
electron
rich
poor
region
region
H F
δ δ
+ −
μ=Qxr
Q is the charge
r is the distance between charges
1 D = 3.36 x 10-30 C m 26
Behavior of Polar Molecules
28
Which of the following molecules have a dipole moment?
H2O, CO2, SO2, and CF4
O S
H O
H O
dipole moment dipole moment
polar molecule polar molecule
C
O C O
F F
no dipole moment F
nonpolar molecule no dipole moment
nonpolar molecule
29
Does BF3 have a dipole
moment?
30
31
Valence Bond Theory
Hybridization: mixing of two or more atomic orbitals to form a
new set of hybrid orbitals.
34
Formation of sp2 Hybrid Orbitals
37
sp3-Hybridized N Atom in NH3
2 sp BeCl2
3 sp2 BF3
5 sp3d PCl5
6 sp3d2 SF6 42
43
sp2 Hybridization of Carbon
44
Unhybridized 2pz orbital (gray), which is perpendicular
to the plane of the hybrid (green) orbitals.
45
Bonding in Ethylene, C2H4
48
sp Hybridization of Carbon
49
Bonding in Acetylene, C2H2
50
Describe the bonding in CH2O.
H
C O
H
C – 3 bonded atoms, 0 lone pairs
C – sp2
51
Sigma (σ) and Pi Bonds (π)
H
O
σ bonds = 6 + 1 =
H C C O H
π bonds = 1 7
H 52
Molecular Orbital (MO) Configurations
1. The number of molecular orbitals (MOs) formed is always
equal to the number of atomic orbitals combined.
2. The more stable the bonding MO, the less stable the
corresponding antibonding MO.
3. The filling of MOs proceeds from low to high energies.
4. Each MO can accommodate up to two electrons.
5. Use Hund’s rule when adding electrons to MOs of the
same energy.
6. The number of electrons in the MOs is equal to the sum of
all the electrons on the bonding atoms.
53
Energy levels of bonding and antibonding molecular
orbitals in hydrogen (H2).
55
Number of Number of
bond order
=
1
2 ( electrons in
bonding
MOs
-
electrons in
antibonding
MOs
)
bond
½ 1 ½ 0
order 56
57
58