Application of Steel

Prepared by: Ayaz Azad, Ayman Muhamed, Sabr Rabah and Amir Ahmad
Supervisor: Mr.Shivan
Content

 What is Steel?
 History of Steel
 What is Steel Made of?
 How are Steels Made?
 The Characteristics of Steel
 Different Types of Steel
 Application of Steel
 the Benefits of Steel
 the Limitations of Steel
What is Steel?

 Steel, alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon content ranges up to 2
percent.
 By far the most widely used material for building the world’s infrastructure
and industries, it is used to fabricate everything from sewing needles to oil
tankers.
 the tools required to build and manufacture such articles are also made of
steel.
 in 2013 the world’s raw steel production was about 1.6 billion tons, while
production of the next most important engineering metal, aluminum, was
about 47 million tons.
History of Steel

 Steel's history starts with iron's rise during the Iron Age around the 12th century BCE.
 Early Chinese steels (iron with added carbon for strength) around 15th century BCE had
insufficient iron content to be deemed true steel.
 in India around 400 BCE that true steel was created by melting iron and charcoal together
in small crucibles.
 Diverse forms of steel and high-carbon cast iron emerged worldwide during medieval
times and continued into modern history.
 A significant step forward was discovered by Benjamin Huntsman in England in 1751.
 An even bigger breakthrough was made by Henry Bessemer, who was awarded a British
patent in 1855 for a steel-manufacturing process.
 It wasn’t until about 1912-1914 that stainless steel was first created with the addition of
chromium and nickel.
What is Steel Made of?

 Fundamentally, steel is made of iron and carbon

 Mild steel, or carbon steel, is generally more than 99% iron, containing less
than 0.25% carbon
 a common grade of stainless steel (304) has only about 70% iron with a
minimum of 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Manganese, silicon, phosphorus,
and of course carbon are also present in varying amounts within this type of
steel
 Other alloying elements for different steels include molybdenum, vanadium,
and boron
How are Steels Made?

 Steel is made via one of two main smelting processes either a blast furnace or
an electric arc furnace.
 For a blast furnace, iron ore and coke are added to the furnace, which is fired
by air. Lime is also added to reduce the iron from the ore to its metallic form.
This produces so-called pig iron, which is then sent to a direct oxygen furnace
for the production of molten steel.
 Iron ore undergoes direct reduction in a natural gas-fired furnace, followed by
steel production in an electric arc furnace using large submerged electrodes.
Alloying elements are introduced during this process. The molten steel is then
cast in a hot strip mill and shaped into plates, bars, pipes, etc., through hot
or cold rolling. Additional finishing processes like tempering or annealing
occur based on the steel grade.
What Are the Characteristics of Steel?

 Strength
 Durability
 Versatility
 Machinability
 Weldability
 Corrosion Resistance
 Conductivity
 Recycling
Different Types of Steel

 Stainless Steel
 Carbon steel
 Alloy Steel
 Tool Steel
 Weathering Steel
 Electrical Steel
 High-Speed Steel
Applications of Steel

 Transportation
 Construction
 Manufacturing
 Packaging
 Medical Equipment
 Sports Equipment
 Energy Production
What Are the Benefits of Steel?

 Strength
 Versatility
 Dimensional stability
 Recyclable
 Safety
Any Questions?
Thank You.